jo
;kfjse feos tKr ejkDh th nkgD/ ftbZyD B/w gqpzX, ;fGnkukoe ;koEesk
ns/ ;kfjsesk dh gq'Vsk eodh :[r u/sBh ;zGktBktK ~ jzYkT[Idh
j?. fJj ;zGktBktK wB[Zyh
jo
;kfjse feos tKr ejkDh th nkgD/ ftbZyD B/w gqpzX, ;fGnkukoe ;koEesk
ns/ ;kfjsesk dh gq'Vsk eodh :[r u/sBh ;zGktBktK ~ jzYkT[Idh
j?. fJj ;zGktBktK wB[Zyh u/sBk ~ gqwkfDs eofdnK j'fJnK g[oksB
gqfswkBK d/ gfofsnkr ns/ BthB gqfswkBK dh nkwd Bkb i[V e/
T[sZo nkX[fBe ;z;ko pko/ ;{fus eodhnK jB. fJ; ekoB u/sBk ~
o{gKfsqs eodhnK ebktK dk ;ko ns/ w[jktok fBozso pdbdk ofjzdk
j? ns/ BthB ftbZyDsktK ~ iBw d/Idk j?. Bkoh u/sBk dk gq;zr th
fJ;/ BthBsk Bkb
i[VD ns/ g[okD/ g[oy gqfswkBK d/ gfofsnkr ~
fdqV eoB Bkb i[fVnk nfijk gq;zr j? i' gZSw ftu 1960 s'I F[o{
j' e/ ftFt ftnkgh f\BkfwBk j' fBpfVnk j?.w/oh
w[okd Bkoh u/sBk
d/ ikro[e j'D ns/ BthI ;whfynk ftXh Bkohtkd Bkb j?.
Bkohtkdh
gfog/y nB[;ko u/sBk fJe ;w{fje gqfefonk j? i' fe ;wkfie T[;koh
d/
nB[Gt Bkb ;zpzfXs j? ns/ T[; w[skfpe ekoi th eodh j?. u/sBk
fJe nfijk nwb j? i' ;kv/ nzdob/ nkg/ ns/ pkjob/ irs ftZu
ftu'brh dk ezw eodk j?. fJ; bJh Bkoh u/sBk dk ;o'eko Bkoh dk
nkgDh j'Id gqsh ;u/s j'Dk j?, Gkt/I fJj j'Id ;wkfie tosko/ Bkb
;zpzfXs j't/ iK ;kfjs ftub/ ;ztkd Bkb. ;kfjs ;ztkd ftu g/F
j'Jh Bkoh dk id'I n;hI Bkohtkdh gfog/y nB[;ko ftFb/FD eod/ jK
sK ;gFN
j[zdk j? fe Bkoh e/tb d/jw{be j'Id (Sexual
object) jh BjhI ;r'I fJe
nksfwesk (Subjectivity)
j?.
Bkohtkdh fuzse fbzvk nbe'\ (Linda
Alcoff) nksfwesk Bkb i[V/ u/sBsk
d/ d' o{gK dh rZb eodh j?. fJe T[j o{g j? fi; ftu Bkoh dh ;fEsh
dFk, nt;Ek s/ ;wZf;nk ~ T[bhfenk iKdk j? ns/ d{;ok u/sBsk dk
T[j o{g j? i' gSkD dh okiBhsh (identity
Politics) ~ g/F eodk j?.
Bkoh d/ fJfsjk;e ns/ iksh nB[Gt fJ;/ nksfwesk s/ fNe/ jB. jo/e
:[r ftu Bkoh dh dFk, nt;Ek, ;o{g ~ fpnkBD Bkb ;pzfXs fGzB fGzB
wkBsktK ojhnK jB.Bkoh fJe' t/b/ fdnkb{, T[dkofus, nkgk tkoD
tkbh rqfj ;[nkwDh th wzBh iKdh j? s/ MrVkb{, d[oftjkoh,
d[okukoh ns/ ftBkFe th wzBh iKdh j?. ftfGzB wkBth foFfsnK d/
gfog/y ftu oZy e/ T[; e/ nkdoFe o{g ~ ;dk s'I ;fsekfonk frnk
j?. Bkoh dh ;fEsh fJBQK ;Ekfgs Bkoh nkdoFK d/ wkgdzvK
T[`s/
nXkfos ojh j?, go :[Zr gfotosB d/ Bkb Bkb Bkoh eJh ;fEshnK u'I
bzxdh j'Jh nZi dh nt;Ek sZe gj[zuh j?. nZi nkX[fBe nkofEe
s"o s/ ;zgB ;fGne nytkJh ikD tkbh Bkoh nkgDh j'Id gqfs
;[u/s j?. fJ; bJh Bkoh nzdo u/sBk dk
ikro[e j'Dk e/tb fJe
gqfseow jh BjhI, ;r'I fJe ftnkfynksfwe gqfefonk j?.
T[Ii
sK jo ejkDh i' wkBth foFfsnK dh ftnkfynk Bkb i[Vh j[zdh j?
fJ;soh$
g[oy ;zpzXK d/ gq;zr ftZu Bkoh ~ nzfes eodh j?, go gou/
d/ nkeko dh ;hwk j'D eoe/ e[M e[ ejkDhekoK dhnK e[M ftF/F
ejkDhnK ~ jh uouk nXhB btKrh, i' Bkohtkdh gfog/y d/ gZy s'I
Bkoh u/sBk d/ w[jKdo/ dh gSkD Bkb ;zpzfXs j'D.fJ; fdqFNh s'I
nzfwqsk gqhsw, dbhg e"o fNtkDk, nihs e"o, FoB wZeV,
got/} e"o ;zX{, thBk towk, ;[oihs eb;h Bkoh ejkDhekoK
dhnK ejkDh ftub/ GkFkJh gfog/y ~ ;wMD d/ Bkb Bkb e[M e[ g[oy
ejkDhekoK dhnK ejkDhnK dh uouk th ehsh j? i' nkgD/ Yzr Bkb
Bkoh nksfwesk iK Bkoh u/sBk ~ gqGkfFs eod/ jB. fJBQK ftu'I okw
;o{g nDyh, r[opuB G[Zbo, e[btzs f;zx ftoe, wBw'jB pktk, oDihs
fGzvo, vkH i;ftzdo f;zx dhnK ejkDhnK d/ jtkb/ bJ/ jB.
thjthI
;dh dh ejkDh ;kfjs ftu nzfwqsk gqhsw dhnK ejkDhnK Bkoh nB[GtK
dh tZyosk iK Bkfosk (Femininity)
gSkD d/ o{po{ jB. fJ; dhnK ejkDhnK eowktkbh, jho/ dh eDh, Gkph
w'oBh, fJe ykbh EK, fJe jT["ek, w[oeh T[o\ p[bkeh, Bk ikD/
e'D ozr o/ dk nfXn?B ftFb/FD Bkoh gqfeosh ns/ Bkoh d/ ;wki
ftub/ ;EkB fuzBQs eodk j?. fi; ftu ;gFN j[zdk j? fe ;koh
wB[Zysk d' ;?e;K dh G/de ;fEsh ns/ f;rBhfce/FB Bkb ;zpzfXs j?.
;?e;K dh wjzsFkjh iK fgsoeh (Patriarch) gqpzX ftu g[oy dh ;fEsh
gqGsk tkbh j?. ns/ Bkoh dh ;fEsh d[i?bh, fBr{Dh ns/ e/tb g[oy
Bkb nzso ;zpzfXs j?. Bkoh g[oy tb'I gosk (Other)
d/ o{g ftu wzBh iKdh j?. T[j
g[oy dh dk;sk ftu j?. T[; dh j'Id
y[dw[ysko BjhI wzBh iKdh. T[; dh fJZSk pkjobhnK FeshnK d/
gkpzd ftu j?. fJ;/ nXhB Bkoh dh ;wkfie nXhBsk e[dosh j?.
nzfwsk gqhsw dhnK ejkDhnK dhnK BkfJektK wbeh (fJe ykbh EK)
fizd' (jho/ dh eDh) FkjBh (Fkj dh ezioh) tho' (fJe jT[ek)
fgsoeh dwB Bkb i[VhnK sBkU G'rdhnK jB. fgsoeh gqpzX nfs ;{yw
Yzr Bkb T[BQK d/ njz ~ u'N wkodk j?. T[BQK Bkb G/de ftjko ehsk
iKdk j?. fJj sqk;dhnK T[; ~ ;fjDhnK g?IdhnK B/ feT[Ife Bkoh dh
j'Id jkFhnkrs j?. T[j fJ; dwBekoh ;z;Ek gqfs n\;'; sK gqrN
eodh j? go fJ; s'I pkjo T[j nkgD/ fbzre ihtB ~ gohg{oB eoB d/
n:'r j?. feT[Ife T[j T[; d/ GT[ ftZu j?. g[oy nkgDh c?fbe (Phallic)
b'V bJh iK tzF gozgok ~ s'oh oZyD d/ fynkb nXhB T[; ~ t;s tKr
yohd b?Idk j? (fJe jT[ek dh tho') iK fbzre voktk d/ e/ u[Ze
fbnKdk j?.(fJe ykbh EK dh wbeh) fJ; ekoB Bkoh ;t? fxoDK ns/
ngwkB Bkb i[V e/ sBkU G'rdh j?. j"bh j"bh fJj sBkU
;t? u/sBk d/ o{g ftZu tZN iKdk j? s/ fJ; u/sBk s'I gq/fos j'Jh
Bkoh fgsoeh ~ oZd eodh j?.fJjh ekoB j? fe nzfwqsk gqhsw B/
Bkoh nB[GtK d/ tX/o/ B/V/ j'D eoe/ Bkoh g[oy d'jK dh j'Id ~
gfoGkfFs eofdnK fJe ejkDh ftu f}eo ehsk j?, @shthI dk gkg
c[Zb
tork j[zdk j?, gkDh ftu v[Zpdk Bjh, so e/ w{zj'I p'bdk j?.
wodK dk eh J/ T[BQK dk gkg sK gZEoK tKr gkDh ftZu v[Zp iKdk
j?. fe;/ d{i/ ezB ~ gsk BjhI bZrdkHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ejkDh (Bk ikD/
e"D ozr o/)
dbhg
e"o fNtkDk d// ejkDh ;kfjs ftZu T[Ii sK Bkoh u/sBk dh ;[o
BhthI j? go
T[j u/szB gZXo s/ @n"os# ejkDh ftZu Bkoh pko/
gfoGkFk eofdnK fpnkB ehsk j? fe @n"os T[j j?, fi; dk xo
j?, gsh j?, pZu/ jB, T[j ;kok fdB xo dk ezw eodh j?, fdB wjhB/
;kb bzxd/ jB, s/ T[j wo iKdh j?.# fNtkDk B/ fJE/ Bkoh fBFfeqne
gfoebgBk g/F ehsh j? i' fgsoeh fBnzsoD ftZu j?. ;fGnkukoe
skehdK ~ wzBD tkbh j?.fi; dh g[FNh T[; dhnK nB/eK ejkDhnK @fJe
e[Vh, ;Zuh w[Zuh dh goh ejkDh, eh j? s/ feT[I j?, @nwo pkp#{,@
wK#, @d;K tfoQnK wro'#I, @X{V#, @yokp n"os,# ftZu
j[zdh
j?.fNtkDk B/ Bkoh Bkb i[VhnK g[okDhnK fwZEK, i' g[oy B/ T[;
pko/ xVhnK jB, oZd BjhI ehsk, Bk jh T[BQK ~ uD"sh fdZsh
j?.go fco th T[; dh ftukoXkok ftZu o{gKsoD j?. T[; dh ebgDk
Bkoh dh nzsoht nk}kdh sZe gj[zudk f;rBhf\e/FB j?.
T[; dh jo
ejkDh ftZu Bkoh u[Zg iK w{esk (Silence) Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?.
w{esk dk Bkohtkdh gfog/y d/ gZy s'I ftF/F wjZst pDdk j?
feT[Ife Bkoh dh
w{esk iK u[Zg g[oy gqtuB d/ fto'X ftu j?. T[;
dh Bkoh B/ ukj/ nkofEe nk}kdh gqkgs eo bJh j? go ni/ th T[;
nzdo ;t? ;BwkB dh xkN j?. T[; nzdo ubdk gkg g[zB fBnK nfBnK dk
fynkb e[M nfijhnK wB' ftfrnkBe XkoBktK jB i' fgsoeh edoK ehwsK
dh g[FNh eodhnK jB s/ wod dknt/dko Bkoh ~ T[; s'I edh th w[es
BjhI j'D fdzd/.
fto'Xh
dh nXhBsk s'I ;[szso j'D dh ekwBK Bkb i[fVnk nihs e"o dk
ejkDh gqpzX u/sBk d/ gZy'I i?Ivo (Gender)
;wZf;nk ~ gqfsfpzps eodk j?. Bkohtkdh fuzsB
nB[;ko Bkohtkd
;?e; ns/ i?Ivo dh ;fEsh d/ fBXkB dk ;gFNheoB j?. ;?e; iBwiks
gSkD Bkb ;zpzfXs i?ftesk (Biology)
ns/ i?Ivo fbzr G/d Bkb ;zpzfXs ;wkfie foFfsnK dh T[gi j?. e/tb
;ohoe ftXkB jh Bkoh dh Bkoh d/ s"o s/ gSkD BjhI eotkT[I*dk
;r'I fGzB fGzB ;fGnkukoK d/ ;zgoe ftu nk e/ ngBkJ/ iKd/ gqGktK
nXhB Bkoh ~ i' gSkD (Identity)
nbkN j'Jh j?, T[j i?Ivo gSkD jh j?. fJ; bJh fJe gk;/ Bkoh ;fGnkukoe
T[;koh dk w?No j? s/ d{i/ gk;/ ekoiK dk ftuko gqtkj. T[j nkgDh
fJZSK Bkb th nzso ;zpzfXs j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe Bkohtkdh fuzse
f;w{ dh p'tko Bkoh nG/dsk ~ i?Ivo d/ ;zdoG ftu oZy e/ ftuko
g/F eodh j? fe Bkoh j'D dk ;zpzX iBw Bkb BjhI (fJfsjk; ftZu)
pDB Bkb j?.
nihs
e"o dhnK ejkDhnK r[bpkB', fdUo GkphnK, ;{bh T[s/ bNe/ gb,
wkwh,
\kbs{ n"os, fJe j'o \kbs{ n"os, p[Zs fFeB
ejkDhnK i?Ivo ;zpzXK dh g[FNh eofdnK j'fJnK fiE/ b/fyek
gozgokrs ;wki ~ g/F eodh j?, T[E/ T[j nkX[fBe d"o ftu
ifNb fJ;soh g[oy ;zpzXK dk th fusoD eodh j?. i?Ivo ;wZf;nk d ;zdoG
ftZu BkohtkdhnK B/ fJ; ;{M ~ th gqc[bs ehsk j? fe g[oFsk (Masculinity)
ns/ Bkfosk (Femininity)
;wkfie T[;koh d/ d' tZyo/ ftjko jB. fgsoe gqpzX nkfdBkfosk dh
gSkD Bkoh d/ fBFfefone o{g dh gSkD nkfd ~ ;wMD bJh fBFfus
wB'fbzre T[;ko ~ ;wMD T[s/ pb fdZsk j?. ;kvh ;wkfie pDso nfijh
j? fi; ftu wB'fbzre ftek; fJe ;fEo nt;Ek j?. fJ; ftu ;fGnsk dk
dwB ek~B, Jhvhg; tofis fJSktK (N?p{) ~ ;thekfonk frnk j?.
ftiksh ekw[e ;zpzX e/tb ;wkfie nfXekoK ns/ toiBktK T[s/
fBoXkfos ;kekukoh (Kinship
Structure) ;zpzXK Bkb i[V/
j'J/ jB. Bkoh dk g[oy d[nkok tNKdok ;G ;fGnsktK dk w[ZYbk n;{b
j?.T[j Bkoh i' ;wkfie N?p{ ~ ;theko BjhI eodh, T[; ~ t/;tk iK
\kbs{ n"os dk doik fdZsk iKdk j?. nihs e"o dhnK
ejkDhnK th tX/o/ eoe/ n"os (gsBh) wod (gsh) s'I S[ZN
wfjp{pK iK \kbs{ n"os d/ fsqe'D ~ g/F eodhnK jB. BkfJektK
nkgDh j'Id gqfs ;[u/s jB fe e[M
e[ G'fse ;j{bsK w[jZJhnk eotk
e/ fgsoeh B/ Bkoh ~ r[bkw dh j?;hns ftZu oZfynk j?. T[; dh
e'Jh ;[szso fJZSk BjhI j?. T[j g[oy dh ekwBk Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?
s/ g[oy dh ekwBk c?fbe b'V Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?. fgsoeh gqpzX ftZu
ftnkj[sk Bko ~ ;BwkB Gfonk ;EkB gqkgsh dk G[b/yk j? feT[Ife
Bkoh d/ nkgD/ f}jB ftZu th T[; dh t;s{ w{be j'Id dh nfwN Skg
j?, fi; ~ T[j ;dk ;thekodh nkJh j?. d{i/ gk;/ ;wki ftu id e'Jh
g[oy nkgDh ekwBk nXhB e'Jh foFsk Ekgdk j? sK fJj @u'oh dk
foFsk# Bkoh ~ \kbs{ iK wfj} fJe t;s j'D d/ nfj;k; s'I u/szB
eokT[Idk j?.ni/jh u/sBk Bkoh nzdo ftdo'j, r[Z;k, p/u?Bh Go
fdzdk j?. Bkoh g[oy bJh e/tb fbzre nkBzd dh t;s BjhI pDBk
ukj[zdh, T[; dh nkgDh ekwBk g[oy dh ekwBk Bkb'I fGzB j?.T[; dh
ekwBk jwdod d';s, wfjp{p iK ;kEh gqkgs eoB dh j? i' fBZx/ xo
d/ ;zebg Bkb i'V ;e/. g[oy ~ nkgD/ nkg/ s'I ;u/s eokT[D tkbh
Bkoh ukj[zdh j? fe T[;dh Bkfosk dk dwB Bk j't/. fJ; bJh nihs
e"o dhnK ejkDhnK dh GkFk th gqshekswe gqpzX dh soeFhb
GkFk s'I tZyoh j?. \kbs{ n"os ejkDh ftub/ GkFkJh gqpzX ~
t/fynk ikJ/ sK gsk ubdk j? fe fJ; ftu d' soK dh GkFk tosh rJh
j?. fJe T[j GkFk j? i' gksoK d/ tkoskbkg dh GkFk j?, fi; ftu
T[j fJe
d{i/ Bkb ;ztkd eod/ jB. go fJe GkFk T[j th j? i' ;koh
ejkDh ftu po?eNK ftu
s[odh j?.po?eNK ftu gJh GkFk nDejh j?.
nfij/ nDej/ sZE gkme ~ gozgok s'I gqkgs ekwBk Bkb BjhI ;r'I
Bkoh dh ekwBk Bkb i'Vd/ jB. wB'ftfrnkBe XkoBktK
nB[;ko GkFk,
fbzre fJSk ns/ T[; dh nksfwesk s'I gq/fos j[zdh j?. fbzr G/dsk
s'I nksfwesk tZb dk gfotosB GkFk dk jh gqtkj j?. GkFk tZyosk
th Bkohtkdh fuzsB dk w{b fJekJh wzBh rJh j?.
