g{optkd ns/ rqkwFh
vkH s/itzs f;zx frZb

g{optkd pko/ nBs'BhT rqkwFh dhnK fbysK ftu f;ZXk sK e[ZM th fbfynk BjhI fwbdk. ;zgkdehnK, b/yK, i/bQ-vkfJoh, ;fGnkukoe fbysK ns/ i/bQ ftu'I fby/ ysK ftu T[;B/ FkfJd jh fJ; ftebg dh tos'I ehsh j't/. gZSw ftu fJ; ftebg dk nkozG fet/I j'fJnk, G{r'b ;w/s okiBhsh dk fJ; ftu eh dyb ;h, p;shtkd s'I fJ;~ fe; soQK dh }whB fwbh, ;Zsk ns/ ;kFB d/ nko-gko ofje/ fJj frnkB d/ fejV/ y/soK ftu fte;s j'fJnk, fJzrb?Iv, coK; ns/ iowBh ftu fJ;d/ fej' fij/ wkvb gq;s[s j'J/,
 w[ZY s'I p/rkBk j'D dk nfj;k; fJ; Bkb i[Ve/ fe; soQK d/ B;bh, Xkofwe, GkfFe ns/ ;fGnkukoe ftseo/ Bkb s[o frnk, b? d/ e/ fJj fezB/ e[ ;Zu iK eZu ~ do;k ;fenk- fJj ns/ j'o pj[s w[Zd/ f;ZX/ T[;dh goy gVu'b dk ftFk BjhI pD/.

fJBQK d/ b[et/I fij/ itkp iK T[BQK, tb N/Y/ fij/ ;ze/s T[;dhnK nzsjhD fbysK d/ ftu-ftukfbUI, ofj rJ/ yZfgnK, gJ/ jkFhnK s'I }o{o gokgs j' iKd/ jB. fJ; gq;zr ftu i/bQ vkfJoh ftu Fkfwb T[;dk p[ZXhihthnK pko/ pj[s jh w"fbe b/y j? fi; ~ J/E/ gqwkD ti'I ftukoDk :'r j't/rk. p[ZXhihthnK dh gfoGkFk eh j?, nkw iBsk Bkb'I T[BQK dh eh fGzBQsk j?, T[BQK dk torheoD fet/I j't/, ;wK phsD Bkb otkfJsh p[ZXhihth fet/I iBsk Bkb'I nbZr EbZr j' iKd/ jB, nbZr EbZr j' e/ jh otkfJsh p[ZXhihth feT[I T[dZssk d/ Gkrh pDd/ jB, T[dZssk s'I ft:'r/ j'D d/ pkti{d p[ZXhihthnK dk BthB j'Dk feT[I }o{oh j?, ftFt d/ tZy tZy T[g-wjKdhgK ns/ ftFkb d/FK ftu T[BQK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; fet/I j'fJnk fJBQK ;ko/ ;tkbK pko/ fJ; ewkb d/ b/y ftu T[;dhnK gs/ dhnK nzso-fdqFNhnK do} jB. g{optkd Bkb ;zpzXs fiBQK b[et/I itkpK iK N/Y/ ;ze/sK dk f}eo j'fJnk j?. T[BQK dk GkostoF pko/ nzfes fJ; nzso-fdqFNh s'I e[ZM Bk e[ZM nB[wkB }o{o j' iKdk j? L

T[j p/gBkj gkVk i' p[ZXhihthnK ~ iBsk Bkb'I tZy eodk j?, Gkos ftu Xow dk nfByVtK nzr j?. fJZe' ;wki d/ tZy tZy torK tb'I ftFtk;K dk fGzBQ fGzBQ s;Zto, fit/I fJj goukoeK, p[ZXhihthnK ns/ iBsk dh ofjsb ftu ob iKdk j?, fJ;dk ftFkb soK ikfJ}k io{oh j?. E'V/ pj[s/ nzso Bkb fJj jo/e ;fGnsk ftu B/go/ uVQD tkbk nwb j?.

:{og d/ gqw[Zy d/FK, fJzrb?Iv, coK;, iowBh, fJNbh ns/ o{; ftu, ;w/s J/Fhnk, n\ohek, nwohek ns/ bkshBh nwohek d/ w[beK ftu fJ; ifNb nwb B/ eh fdFk ns/ dFk n]fsnko ehsh, fJ; b/y ftu pVh ;[bG uouk j'Jh j?. g{optkd Bkb ;zpzX b[et/I itkpK ns/ N/Y/ ;ze/sK dh th fJ; uouk ftu fBFkBd/jh ;zGt j?. fBo;zd/j ;w[Zuk
 g{optkd sK fJ;  fBFkBd/jh d/ x/o/ ftu BjhI nkT[Idk b/feB i' w[Zd/ nkT[Id/ jB T[BQK ~ ftuko nXhB fbnkT[Dk pVk bkGekoh f;ZX j' ;edk j?. fJ; s'I gfjbK fe fJ; fBFkBd/jh dh co'bk-co'bh ehsh ikt/ fijV/ ftebg g{optkd dh N/e pD/, T[BQK dk ftt/uB pj[s }o{oh j?.

g{optkd dk ftebg ;ZG s'I gfjbK coK; ftu T[`BhthI ;dh d/ shi/ djke/ s'I tofsnk ikD bZr fgnk. fJ;dh tos'I fJ; nfj;k; Bkb j'D bZrh fe g{op G{r'be s"o s/ gZSw s'I d{o jh BjhI pbfe jo fbjk} Bkb T[; s'I fGzBQ th j?. ;ob o{g ftu fJj nfj;k; T[BQK ;"dkroK dk ;h i' ;"dkroh ]kso ftFt d/ d{o-d[okv/ fyfsnK ftu
 gj[zuD/ F[o{ j' rJ/. b/yeK, ebkekoK, fuZsoekoK, ;wki-Fk;sohnK nkfd d/ oNB Bkb fJ; nfj;k; ftu b'jV/ dh g/uhdrh nk rJh. frnkB rqfjD eoB dh ftXh s'I fJj ftXkB jh Bk pfDnk. ;r'I ftukoXkok ftu th tN frnk. tksktoD s'I uZbe/ fwfEjk;, Xow, GkFktK, ohsh-fotki, nB[FmkD ;G fJ;d/ x/o/ ftu nk rJ/.

fw;kb d/ s"o s/ ;"dkroK ns/ ;?bkBhnK ti'I rJ/ gZSw d/ tk;hnK ~ g{op d/ d{o-d[okv/ fyfsnK dk row g"D gkDh :{og d/ ;od g"DgkDh d/ io{o jh gqshe{b bZfrnk j't/rk. d'BK dh pD;gsh ns/ c;bpkVh ftueko th T[BQK ~ e'Jh ;KM nB[Gt BjhI j'Jh j't/rh. J/E'I d/ doZys th fGzB, ikg/ j'Dr/ ns/ ikBto ns/ gzSh th tZyo/ jh B}o nkJ/ j'Dr/. n"osK wodK d/ B?DK-BeFK, B[jko, ozr-o{g ns/ eko-ftjko th nihp bZr/ j'Dr/ fiBQK gqsh T[BQK ~ ed/ nkeoFD s/ ed/ fteoFD ed/ fgnko ed/ fsq;eko, ed/ w'j ns/ ed/ fBow'j nB[Gt j'fJnk j't/rk. fJ; s'I fJj nfj;k; pDBk ;[Gkte ;h fe g{op ns/ gZSw dk nkg; ftu e'Jh w/b BjhI. nzro/}h eth fegfbzr dh fJ; XkoBk Bkb fe @@g{op g{op j?, gZSw gZSw j?, d'BK dk w/b ed/ BjhI j'Dk## Bkb sK fit/I fJ; XkoBk s/ w[jo jh bZr rJh. w{b o{g ftu fJ; fJzfdqnkth 
nB[Gttkd s'I g{optkd dk T[dGt j'fJnk. i/ fJj fJZE'I sZe jh ;hws ofjzdk sK fJ;B/ eEkBeK dk Gkrh pD/ ofjDk ;h. j'oK gk;koK d/ i[VD Bkb fJj pj[-gosh gkm ftu spdhb j' frnk fi;d/ nkgD/ ftXkB, fJ;dh ftukoXkok Bkb fJ;dh f;nk;s tb th ;ze/s eoBk T[fuZs bZrdk j?.

fJj fJZe soQK dk ftZY ;h i' p;shtkdh okiK d/ ;Ekfgs j'D Bkb g{optkd ftu xo eo frnk. fwfEjk;, Xow, ;kfjs, ohsh-fotki, GkFktK ns/ nB[FmkD ;G gZSw dh nko-gko d/yD tkbh fBrkj d/ ;g[od j' rJ/. gfjbK uhB c/o GkostoF, wZX J/Fhnk nkfd. fJT[I fJ; nko-gko d/yD tkbh fBrkj d/ t; g? rJ/ fit/I ;G e[ZM p/nktk} fuZso-;w{j jh
 j[zdk j? fi;d/ ozrK, fdqFK, gksoK, n"osK wodK dk eosZt fJ; fBrkj jh n;hw G[Zy jh fwNkT[Dk ;h. fJ; gqeko fJj fJZe w[fjzw fi;d/ ;Zsk ns/ frnkB d' gk;/ bZrD br gJ/. fJj ed/ fwbe/ uZbd/ ;B, ed/ NZeo ftu nk iKd/ ;B ns/ ed/ fJe
 w[ZyG{wh ftu nk iKdk ;h ns/ d{ik fgZmG{wh ftu ubk iKdk ;h. GkostoF ftu jh ;z;feqs GkFk ns/ ;kfjs, t/d, T[gfBFd, g"okD ;G nshs dh S[gDrkj #u'I fBebe/ nfXn?B-e/IdoK ftu nk rJ/. nzro/}h ftu fijVk gq:k; noB?;N i'B} d/ :sBK Bkb nkozG j'fJnk T[j  iowB ftu w?e; w[Zbo B/ f;yo ~ gj[zuk fdZsk. nkgD/ e[Zb rqzEK ;w/s, p[ZX wZs ns/ i?BwZs th fJ; nfXn?B d/ ;g[od j' rJ/. J/E/ jh t; BjhI, noEFk;so ns/ ekw;{so tor/ rqzE th b[e/ fSg/ Bk oj/. ihtzs p'bhnK tb fJ;dk fXnkB xZN frnk. c/o th f;zXh, gFs', pb'uh, Bhgkbh ns/ j'o T[gGkFktK dh gfjukD fJ;/ nfXn?B ;dek jh ;zGt j' ;eh.

id'I g{optkd d/ gq:k; s/ ;Zsk ns/ ;kFB dk rbpk j' iKdk ;h sK GkostoF d/ jo/e gZy pko/ ftvzpDkwJh ftuko gqrN j'D bZr iKd/ ;B. T[BQK nB[;ko GkostoF nfijk d/F j? fi; ftu w[ZY s'I fJfsjk;e spdhbh, ;wkie ftek; ns/ nkofEe gqrsh dk nGkt fojk j?. w[ZY edhwh T[dGt t/b/ i' fJ;dh ;fGnZsk dk jkb ;h ;w/I d/ phsD Bkb th T[j fiT[I dk fsT[I pfDnk j'fJnk j?. iks-gks, ;z:[es gfotko, g{ik-gkm ns/ ftbk; fJ; ;fGnsk d/ gfjukD-fuzBQ ;B fiBQK dk ;w/I dh rsh Bkb e[ZM BjhI ftrfVnk. nzro/}h ;kFB d/ ;woEeK dh B}o ftu fJj nkfd ekbh fe;w dh ofjsb ;h fi; ftu
 rT{ ~ d/th ;wM e/ g{fink iKdk ;h. d?th ihtB fpskT[D d/ G[bkt/ ftu Gkostk;h
 gF{-gZXo s/ ftuod/ ;B. fJ; ~ ;w/I d/ jkD dk pDkT[D ]kso gZSwh ftfdnk-gqDkbh dh ;ys b'V j?. w?ekb/ dh ftfdnk-gqDkbh dk w{b o{g ftu fJj' nkXko ;h.

jhrb d/ fuzsB ftu fJ; ftnkfynk ~ dkoFfBe nkeko gokgs j' frnk. T[; nB[;ko fJ; soQK dh ofjsb i' nkfdekb ftu GkostoF ftu gkJh iKdh ;h, don;b wB[Zyh ;fGnZsk d/ pugB dh B[wkfJzfdrh eodh j?. f}zdrh d/ nrb/ gVkn fJ;~ G'rD/ jh B;hp BjhI j'J/. Bshik fJj j'fJnk j? fe fJj fJfsjk;e gqfefonk ftZu'I fJj ue'oDh
  ]kfoi j' u[Zeh j?. fJ; soQK nzro/}h ;kFB dk gZy g{oB tkb/ g{optkd ftu i' ftvzpDk fBzdBh: ;h T[j jhrb d/ fuzsB ftu gj[zue/ ekftwJh pD iKdh j?. d'BK fdqFNhe'DK d/ dkfJo/ ftZu'I g{oh soQK fBebD s'I n;\b ofjD ekoB ekob wkoe; dh wjk dkntk BjhI eo ;edh. GkostoF pko/ fijV/ ;zy/g b/y T[;B/ nkgD/ fiT[Id/ ihn SgtkJ/, T[BQK ftu fJfsjk;e spdhbh s'I nfGZi j'D dh rZb eJh tko nkT[Idh j?. 1857 d/ |do ~ fdqFNhr'uo eoe/ T[j fJj efjD ftu e'Jh fMie wfj;{; BjhI eodk fe p;shtkd dh pd"bs jh j? i' GkostoF ~ fJfsjk; ftu g[Bo-gqt/F dk nt;o fwb fojk j?. fJj p;shtkd dk e'Jh T[geko BjhI feT[I i' fJ; g[oksB d/F Bkb B/Vsk ekoB jh nzro/} g{zihgshnK dh y[Fjkbh :ehBh pD ojh j?. g{zih dk i' nvzpo fdB
 d{Dh oks u"rBh T[`;o fojk j? T[j fJ; y[Fjkbh dh w{zj p'bdh s;tho j?. Gkosh iBsk dk ;zxoF p;shtkd dk jh nzs BjhI eo/rk ;r'I nzro/}h iBsk ~ th g{zihtkd s'I,,,,,, w[es j'D dk nt;o gqdkB eo d/t/rk. fJ; gqeko i' ftvzpDk jhob d/ fuzsB ftu fJefjoh j? T[j ekob wkoe; dh fdqFNh ftu d{jok nkeko rqfjD eo iKdh j?. nshs sZe ;hws j'D ekoB fizBh fJj g{op bJh okyth j? GftZy d/ fJeoko ti'I fJj
 T[; s'I fes/ tZX gZSw bJh b'VhIdh j?.

id'I ifrnk;k ns/ frnkB g{optkd d/ gq:k; dk ;q's pD iKd/ jB sK jhrb dh ekftwJh go ftvzpDh ;'u Bkb'I nbfjdk j' e/ fJj r?N/ dh T[dZswJh nzso-fdqFNh Bkb ik i[Vdh j?. T[;dk dkntk ;h fe @@fi;~ nksw-gfjukD dk todkB j? T[j g{op dh gfjukD s'I fpBK BjhI ofj ;edk. g{op dh gfjukD ~ gZSw dh gfjukD s'I tZy BjhI ehsk ik ;edk.## fJ; dknt/ s/ c[Zb uVQkT[D tkbhnK j;shnK ftu nB/e GkFk-Fk;soh, fuzse, eth, fuZsoeko, Fkfwb ;B. Gkos nfXn?B ~ Fk;sopZX eoB tkb/ fJ;/ soQK d/ p[ZXh ihth ;B. T[BQK ;kfonK ~ gZSwh ;wki ns/ tosko/ ftu g{zihtkd, ;BnsheoD ns/ FfjoheoB Bkb nk fonk nkX[BheoD w'j$fBow'j ns/ nkeoFB$fteoFB dk ekoB ;h. Jh;kJh wZs, pkJhpb, :{ogh GkFktK, gZSwh ohsh-fotk}K ns/ nB[FmkDK s'I goQK T[BQK dh tX/o/ ;kofEe pdbK dh sbkF shpo s'I shpo j[zdh ubh rJh. soe fJ;dk fJj j' fBpfVnk fe ;{bh s/ bNed/ Jh;k Bkb'I fsnkr dh w{osh pfDnk p[ZX T[BQK ~ tX/o/ nuzfGs eoB bZrk. pkJhpb ftu xNBk-do-xNBk okjhI o{jkBhns d/ ;zd/F dh EK t/dK ns/ T[gfBFdK ftu T[BQK dk ekftwJh gqrNk tX/o/ Gkt[e eoB bZrk. F?e;ghno ftu i' BkfJe fJfsjk; Bkb r[ZEw r[ZEk j' oj/ ;B T[BQK dh ekbhdk; d/ Fe[zsbk nkfd ftu d?th ;z;ko ik t;D tkbhnK BkfJektK f}nkdk wkofwe bZrD bZr gJhnK. T[goh B}o/ fJj ;G e[ZM gbkfJDekoh nB[Gt tork bZrdk ;h go n;b ftu fJj p/rkB/ dh gfjukD eoB tZb o[fus j'D dk F?dkn ;h. fJ; ftu nksw-gfjukD dk fJeoko ;h i' gZSw dh tX/o/ rzGho u/sBk g?dk eoB tb ;/fXZs ;h. fBo;zd/j fJ;dk G[bktkekoh gZy th ;h fi; t; g{op ftu T[; ;G e[ZM dk Gkt nB[Gt ehsk ik ;edk ;h fi;dk gZSw ftu nGkt T[BQK ~ f}nkdk jh e[zfms eodk ;h. fJ;d/ pkti{d nksw-gfjukD dh ]kso p/rkB/ dh gfjukD nfijk ;{so ;h i' g{optkd ~ fJ;dh xkN s'I ;[u/s eodk ;h. efjD s'I Gkt fJj BjhI fe fJ; gVkn s/ gZSwtkd dh shpo b'V nk gJh ;h fi;~ g{op d/ tk;h gqshdtzd ti'I T[Gko ;ed/ ;B. gqshdtzd d/ o{g ftu gZSwtkd dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; j'fJnk th go p;shtkdh skesK d/ ;owkJ/dkoh j/m ekoB j[D d'BK s'I T[`go T[`me/ f}zdrh dk gostK nfXn?B gq;s[Zs eoBk bk}wh ;h.