;tkrsh GkFD
;wekbh g{ophtkdh fuzsB
e/H ;ZfudkBzdB
(;eZso, ;kfjs nekdwh fdZbh)
fgnko/ vkH r[oGrs f;zx, vkH jowhs f;zx, vkH ot/b f;zx ns/ jkf}o ftdtkB d';s' ! w?I s[jkvk ;kfonK dk @@g{optkd## T[`s/
j' oj/ ;?whBko ftu ;tkrs eodk jK ns/ w?~ ftFtk; j? fe fJ; ftF/ dh f;XKsesk #s/ j' ojh pfj; ftu fJj wjZstg{oD Gkosh dybnzdk}h j't/rh.
1978 ftu nkgD/ gfjb/ gqekFB s'I b? e/ j[D se n?vtov ;Jhd dh
@Uohn?INfb}w#
T[BQK T[`so-p;shtkdh nkb'uBK ftukb/ ftfGzB fttkdK dk e/Ido ojh j?, fizBQK B/ ;Jhd dhnK nzso fdqFNhnK dk ;ekokswe gq:'r ns/ gqfsfBXskw{be gqtuBK d/ ftFb/FD bJh ehsk fiBQK ftu rbg, :ksok fposKs, ;t?-ihtBhnK, g/fNzr}, c'N'rqkch ns/ ftfrnkgBekoh Fkfwb jB. wkoe;tkdh, Bkohtkdh, T[`so-;zouBktkdh ns/ fJE'I se T[`so-p;shtkdh fdqFNh fpzd{ s'I ;Jhd d/ wZs dh nkb'uBk ~ fte;s ehsk. Gkt/I fe T[`so-p;shtkdh f;XKs d/ ftek; eqw (geneology) dh fJfsjk;esk ifNb, ft;fsqs ns/ gok-;fGnkukoe j?, go okiBhse gqfspZXsk ns/ w[ekwh gfjukD d/ ;kXeK ti'I d' poskBth p;shnK ftu'I
T[`so-p;shtkdh nfXn?BK d/ nekdfwe nB[Fk;B ti'I gqGkth sohe/ Bkb ;Ekgsh ftu'I ns/ nkgD/ ikshrs nB[GtK fgS'I ;Jhd d/ ftuko nekdfwe frnkB dh ;fGnkukoe okiBhsh nXhB ;Ekfgs j[zd/ jB. nkozG ftu Uohn?INfb}w p;shtkd fto'Xh nzd'bBK d/ ;zouBkswe ns/ T[`so-;zouBkswe f;XKs nfXn?BK ftu okiBhse gqfspZXsk ns/ ftukoXkokJh nkb'uBk yk; eoe/ c{e' d/ Fesh-frnkB ;zpzXK d/ ftukoK d/ o{g ftu ;gFN j[zdk j?. fJj sK fJe gqtuB ti'I g{optkd pko/ ;Jhd d/ ftuko ;B, fiBK ;kwokitkdh ns/ p;shtkdh ftukoXkoktK d/ ;fGnkukoe o{g dk ftFb/FD eoD bJh fJe nkw ;zebge g?okvkJhw f;ofink. ;Jhd B/ dZf;nk fe fJe yk; gqeko dh GkFk ftu frnkB d/ gqeko fet/I T[;od/ jB fijV/ fe w[Vt/I o{g ftu fet/I ;G gqeko dhnK ;fGnkukoe g{ot XkoDktK Bkb Usgq's j[zd/ jB. fJ; B/ jh p;shtkd ~ fJe ftukoXkoDh T[sgkdB d/ ftFb/FD ti'I fsnko ehsk i' bzwhnK u"VhnK ;z;EktK,
nB[Fk;BK
ns/ G{r'fbe y/soK ftu fJfsjk;e s"o s/ gJ/ ftfGzB gkmK ftu fgnk j?. Uohn?INfb}w ~ ;Jhd fJe gqeko dh g{ophnK T[`s/ oki eoB dh gZSwh ftT[Ispzdh ti'I sbkFdk j?. feT[Ife gZSw j'Id Fhbh o{g ftu g{op ~ Bk; BjhI eo ;fenk, fJ; bJh T[;s/ ep}k ehsk ftt/uB s/ toBD ehsk. ne;o fJ; d/ wkBth ft;EkoK ~ gokwkBth soeK ftu gotofss eoe/ okiBhse fjZsK bJh fJ;~ w{b'I jh T[bNkn fdZsk. ;zd/jiBe ;wZf;ne ;fEsh d/ ;so g{optkdhnK B/ g{op ns/ g{ophnK ~ nfXn?B dh t;s{ ti'I pdb fdZsk, fJ; #s/ ndoB?`;
(otherness) dh w[jo bke/ fJ;~ nkeoFe, |?o ][dw[yskoh, |?o gqG[;sZJh ns/ |?o Gkrhdko rodkfBnK sK fe fJ; ~ ][d BjhI pbfe j'oK d[nkok ;wfMnk, gqGkfFs s/ fB:zsos ehsk ik ;e/. Ehfwe gZXo #s/.
.g{optkdhnK B/ nfXn?B nXhB g{oph d/FK, okFNoK ns/ b'eK gqfs ;koG{s
;zebgw{besk ngDkJh i' fe B;bw[Zyh gqekow{besk
(typology) ftu fte;s j' e/ n;kBh Bkb B;btkd tb j' tXh. nmQkothI ;dh s'I b? e/ thjthI ;dh se wkoe; s/ J/Irb} B/ i' xZN frDshnK tb'I u"Xotkd
(hegemonism) dk godkckF ehsk ns/ i' cokfJv B/ wkBt-ftfrnkBtkd
(anthropocertrism) ~ Ykn bkJh T[; Bkb wkBth ns/ ;wki ftfrnkBK yk; s"o #s/ fijV/ |?o :{ogh b'eK Bkb f;ZX/ ;zpzfXs ;B, :{ogtkd
(europocertrism) p[oh soQK i[fVnk j'fJnk ;h. @nkohnK# fwZE B/ fJfsjk;e s/ ;fGnkukoe wkBt-ftfrnkB ~ dpkJh oZfynk feT[I g{optkdh GkFk s/ B;b dk ;zpzX pVk ghvk wzBd/ jB. uzrk j'fJnk fe nkohnktkdh dkp/ tkb/ e[M ;wK ftjkn u[Ze/ ;BksBh g{oph J/Fhnk, T[`so-n\ohek ns/ nZi d/ ;G EK tkb/ fJ;bkw dh x'FDk nkohnk nkdoF dk fvrDk wzBd/ jB. g{optkd dk we;d n?B Ujh j? i' fe ;kwoki dk we;d j?. fJj fBog/y ;KM j? fi;B/ gZSwh ftuko d/ fJfsjk; ftu g{op ~ ftukofdnK ;zeN yVQk ehsk, i' fe ni/ th ub fojk j?. fit/I fe n;hI ikDd/ jK fe g{oph ;fGnkukoe-o{VQhpZXsk, fgskg[oyh, B;bw[yh ns/ ;kwokitkdh GqKshnK ns/ g{ot XkoDktK dk fwbr'Gk j?.
fco th id'I nZi n;hI @g{optkd# pko/ uouk eod/ jK, ;k~ ;Jhd d/ nkb'ueK Bkb th fGVBk gt/rk, fiBQK ftu n?ik} nfjwd, j'wh Gkpk, ghNo fjT{;, b'It, :/r/Br'b, g?Nfoe ftbhnw, o'poN :zr, i"B we?B}h, ;krs fwb}, b"ok feq;wkB s/ bhbk rKXh Fkfwb B/. fJ; ~ fJt/I th fejk ik ;edk j? fe T[`so-p;shtkdh nfXn?BK B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ nekdfwe nB[Fk;B ti'I ;Jhd d/ ftukoK gqfs n;fjwshnK, g[Bo-nfXn?BK ns/
T[;d/
fto[X dbhbK okjhI gfoGkfFs ehsk j?. fJ; d"okB n;hI we?B}h dh T[jBK g{optkdh ftdtkBK gqfs XkoDk ~ xNk e/ t/y ;ed/ jK fe fijV/ g{oph ;fGnkuko d/ gko gqfs ;wZf;nk ti'I ikfJ} GktBk oZyd/ B/
(Orientalism : History, Theory and the Arts,
1995). ;Jhd p;shtkdh nksw fet/I T[; gqfs gZSwh ;zebgks ~ nks;ks eo fet/I u[D"sh fdzdk, fet/I pdbdk s/ fet/I GZidk j?, ;Jhd dh fJ; gqfs u[Zgh pko/ n?ik} nfjwd dh nkb'uBK ~ th ny'I go'fynk eoBk ;zGt BjhI
(In Theory : Classes, Nations, Literature,
1992). p;shtkdh nksw dh fto'X tkbh Fesh ~ ;Jhd tb'I nZy'I go'y/ ehs/ ikD pko/ g?Nfoe ftbhnw ns/ b"ok feq;wkB
(Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial theory,
1993) B/ th fJFkok ehsk j?. ;kok fwb} th ;Jhd d[nkok i?Ivo ~ nbr"bD pko/ ;jh o{g ftu nkb'uBk eodh j? fe ;Jhd fJ; rZb dh gVskb BjhI eodk fe gZSwh n"os gZSwh wod dh g{oph n"os gqfs fJZSk d/ nBksw
(object of
desire) dh eqKsh ~ fet/I ;KfMnK eodh j?
(Discourses of Difference : An Analysis of Women's Travel writing and Colonialism,
1996). o"poN i/H;hH:zr
(Post Colonialism : An Historical introduction,
2001) tb'I fdZsh x[zvh
nB[;ko n;hI ;Jhd d/ p;shtkdh gqtuB d/ ftFb/FD gqfs n;fjwshnK dk ;ko eo ;ed/ jK. gfjbh n;fjwsh fJfsjk;ekoK tb'I j? fe ;hws ;kfjs gkmK #s/ nkXkfos p;shtkdh gqtuB w[be ftFb/FD tZvhnK ;XkoDsktK jh ;Ekfgs eo/rk. fJE/ u[D/ rJ/ ftnesh ftF/F gkm dk fJfsjk;e ;so ns/ T[dkjoD d/ ;o{g d/ ;so gqfs th eJh gqFB T[`m yb'Id/ jB. d{;oh n;fjwsh j? fe p;shtkdh gqtuB (fJE'I se fe g{optkd th)
Divine comedy s'I b?
e/ A
Passage to India se ;ko/ gkmK dk nfJfsjk;heoD
(dehistorize) eo fdzdk j? fit/I fe fJj ;ko/ nfJfsjk;e, npdb gkm eqw jB. fJj |?o gkmrs fJfsjk; ~ SZv fdzdh j? fi; ftu gkm fjZ;/dko j?. fJzM fJj |?o n;zrs fJfsjk;K
(non discursive histories) Bkb n;zrs tZE pko/ e[M BjhI p'bdh. shik fJfsjk;ekoK ~ G?n j? fe p;shtkdh gqtuBw{be ftFb/FD fJfsjk; dh nB[Fk;Bkswe gfjukD ~ t;s{goe y'i ti'I fBftnkT[Idh j?. T[j fJj wzBD bJh }ok efmBkJh wzBd/ jB fe fJfsjk; th fJe fbys j? ns/ fposKs ns/ ftnkfynk th ;kfjse gqFBK ftu ;fjGkrh j[zd/ jB. gVskbkXhB d;skt/} ftu sZE d/ gqfsfBXhnK ns/ i' fejk frnk j? T[; ftukb/ pj[s E'VQk ;jh ;zpzX j[zdk j?. fJj ;[MkT[Idk j? fe ;kok frnkB nX{ok j? ns/ FkfJd xZN frDshnK ns/ ftfFFN
(subaltern) gfog/y s'I fJfsjk; w[V fbfynk ikDk ukjhdk j?. d{;o/ FpdK ftu ;kok fJfsjk; nX{ok s/ ;Zu j? ns/ fet/I c{e' efjzdk j? fe j' ;edk f;o\ fJe gqGkt j't/. n?ik} nfjwd, uzdo skbgd/ w'jzsh ns/ pBhsk g?oh fJFkok eod/ B/ fe p;shtkdh gqtuB ftFb/FD dk gkmtkd, nkdoFtkd okiBhse ;wM ns/ gdkoEe fJfsjk;e iKu d/ nkXko #s/ tkgodk j?. u"Ek p;shtkdh gqtuB ftFb/FD gqfsfBXhnK d[nkok gqfsfBXhnK d/ ftFb/FD jB Bk fe scshF i' fe sZEK ~
w{jo/
fbnkT[D iK ;p{s pko/ ikDekoh d/D.
