n?vtov
;JhdL ebuo n?Iv fJzghfonfb}w
vkH wBw'jB
n?vtov ;Jhd dh 1978 #u Sgh g[;se
Uohn?INfb}w s'I pknd 1993 #u Sgh g[;se
ebuo n?Iv fJzghfonfb}w SgD Bkb ;Jhd dk ftukoXkokJh gqsZyD j'o g[ysk j'fJnk. fJ; B/ T[; dhnK cb;shB ns/ wZX g{oph d/FK T[`s/ fbyhnK fbysK ns/ T[; Bkb
i[V/ p[ZXhihthnK d/ ;K;feqse soe ns/ gZSw d/ |?o gZSwh tosko/ #s/ dpdp/ ~ i'fVnk ns/ fJ; dk toBD T[;B/ Uohn?INfb}w ftu ehsk j?. fJ; ftu T[; B/ eJh gqwkfDe$fwnkoh
(Canonical) b/yeK dhnK fbysK dk fJ; soQK ftFb/FD ehsk j? fe fJBQK ouBktK u'I T[;odh p;shtkdh$;kwokitkdh Fw{bhns ~ th T[xkfVnk ik ;e/. fJ; ftu
T[jB/ e[M e[ ;kwokitkd s/ T[`so-p;shtkd d/ ;K;feqse fto'X d/ wkvbK dk ftt/uB th ehsk j? i' fe ;kfjse gkm s/ p;shtkdh fJfsjk; fdqFNh d/ nkg;h nzso ;zpzXK ~ gVQB bJh fJe ftebge ;{M gqdkB eod/ jB. ;Jhd sK fJE'I sZe efjzdk j? fe w/o/ }ksh ns/ fJfsjk;e nB[GtK #s/ nkXkfos fJj :'ogh s/ nwoheh.... p[ZXhihthnK d/ fto'X dh ;EkgBk j? i' fe Uohn?INnfb}w dh T[`soeEk
(sequel) j' fBpVdh j?. fJ; soQK ebuo n?Iv fJzghfonfb}w nkgD/ nzdo fto'X dh ;z;feqsh, ;kwokitkd dk fto'X ns/ Bt-p;shtkd d/ ;wkBKso ftukoK s'I fJbktk cb;shBh nfXekoK dk wjK fposKs ;w'Jh p?mh j?. fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb fJj p;shnK s/ p;shtkdhnK dh r[zMbdko skDh g/Nh fJfsjk;esk ns/ gqwkfDe$fwnkoh fposKsK dh p;shtkdh Fw{bhns ~ th x'ydh j?. fJ; ftu fJj j'o ftdk fpzd{ dk gfou: j[zdk j?,
fi; nXhB........
;[jitkdh ;kfjse ;whfynk ftu Bt ;kwokitkd dk p;shnK gqfs o{VQhtkdh ns/ fgSKj....
fyZu{ "Rehtoric of blame" dh tXhehnK gqfs d'joh so} d/ gkmK dk ftebg sbkFDk j?. nzs fejk ik ;edk j? fe T[;B/ frnkB d/ Bt/I o{gK ~ ;'uD dk gq:sB ehsk j? fi; Bkb ;kfwne d[BhnkthI gk;ko/ ftu nwoheh Bt-;kwokitkd d/ dpdp/ ~ u[D"sh d/ e/ gqfstkd ;Ekfgs ehsk ik ;e/. fJ; soQK fJe g[;se ;XkoD o{g ftu Uohn?INfb}w Bkb'I f}nkdk ;zrfms, ftXhg{ote y[Zbh j'Jh ns/ fJei[ZN j?.
w/oh b{Jh; gokN B/ fiE/ fJ; ~ " a decidely untheorized too" fejk j?. T[E/ fJ; ~ fposKs Bk efj e/ @ftfFnK dk y[Zbkgkm# fejk j?. go ;Jhd B/ gfjbh g[;se s'I nrKj fJ; ftu i?Ivo s/ iwks d/ i[}K ~ ;fGnkukoe s/ ;kwokih nzso ;zpzXK dk gqGkth nkXko wzfBnk j?. Bkb jh Bkb
fiE/ gfjbK T`[so-p;shtkdh nfXn?BK d/ ftek; dh G{fwek pko/ r'FfN j'fJnk j? T[E/ fJ; g[;se ftu w?oh b[Jh; gokN, ghNo j[bw/, j'wh Gkpk, pkopok jkob" ns/ j'oK d/ ftukoK #s/ nzso nkXkfos nfXn?B th j'fJnk j?. ;Jhd B/ fJ; ftu JhbhnN dk coKi c?BB ns/ o/wzv ftbhnw dk fwF/b c{e' Bkb fto'XkGk;h wkvbK dk ;fGnkuko s/ ;kwokitkd d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK ~ gVQB fjs gq:'r ehsk j?.
ebuo n?Iv fJzghohnfb}w dk nfXnkfJrs s/ gkmrs nfXn?B eofdnK e[M fJ; soQK dk g?okvkJhw fte;s j[zdk j?. G{fwek ftu ;Jhd g[;se d/ T[d/F fwZEdk j'fJnk ;fGnkuko s/ ;kwokitkd d/ nzso ;zpzXK ns/ nkgDhnK ft;fsqs rshftXhnK d/ gk;ko ftu fJ; d/ d[tZb/ noEK ~ T[xkVBk ukj[zdk j? ns/ fJ; fposKs dh e/Idohnsk #u ;kwokitkd d/ ;{yw noEo{gK
(nuances) ~ ;wMDk ukj[zdk j?. T[j b/ye s/ T[;d/ fJfsjk;e s/ ;wkie whbhU ~ c{e' d/ wkvbK #u'I bZGdk j?.T[j ;fGnkuko s/ ;kwokitkd d/ ;zpzXK ~ poskBhnK, coK; s/ nwohek d/ gq;zr nkgD/ }kshrs nB[GtK #u'I sbkFdk j?. fJ; s'I fJbktk T[j NhHn?;HJhbhnN d/ b/y " Tradition and the Individual Talent"
~ G{s s/ toswkB Bkb i'VB j/s{ nkXko pDkT[Idk j'fJnk efjzdk j? fe T[BhIthI ;dh dk
T[`sw ;fGnkuko ;kwokitkdh gqki?eN ~ ;wofgs ;h. fJfsjk; d/ d'joh so} d/ gkmK ~ " discrepent experiences"
efjzdk j'fJnk T[j ;Ekfgs eodk j? fe ftukoXkok dh ;wZf;nk ~ T[j bKG/ BjhI oZydk ;r'I fJj~ ft;skodk j? feT[Ife nB[Gt edh th nDr"fbnk BjhI j[zdk ns/ nkb'ue bJh ;fGnkuko s/ ;z;feqsh s'I pkjo e'Jh nkoeh whvhnB gfog/y BjhI j[zdk. nkgDh ;w[Zuh fdqFNh #u T[BhIthI ;dh d/ poskBth s/ coK;h;h Bktb ~
:{ogh ;kwokitkd d/ gqGkt s'I w[es BjhI wzBdk. ;fGnkuko s/ ;kwokitkd dh nzso fBoGosk ~ T[j Bktb
Mansfield, Aida, Kim
ns/ ekw{ dh ejkDh " La Femme Adultere"
ftu'I sbkFdk j?. T[BhIthI thjthI ;dh d/ ;kwokitkd d/ ;K;feqse gqtuB d/ ftek; d/ ;ztkd ~ T[j @gq;zrK s/ fttjkoK dh ;zouBk# okjhI d/ydk j? fi;dk w{b G{s wkvb T[j
o/wzv ftbhnw d/ ftuko @;zt/dBk dh ;zouBk (Structure of feeling) s'I b?Idk j?. ekw{ d/ fposKs ~ Bkekoswe ;EkJhst
(Negative vitality) ftu ;fEs eofdnK ekw{ dh ;fEsh coK; ns/ T[;dh nbihohnB b'eK gqsh ;{M s/
;zt/dBk ftu ftGkis dZ;Dk j? ns/ to/vh, ekw{ s/ fegfbzr ~ T[BQK dh ;kwokitkdh Fw{bhns ekoD jkFhJ/ #s/ oZydk j?.
nkX[fBesktkd s/ :'ogh ;kwokitkd #u ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eofdnK T[j nkX[fBesktkd ~
T[BhthI ;dh dh w[ZyXkok d/ BktbK ~ p;shtkdh nB[Gt dh ftvzpBk bJh
Gowy'b{ ;fEsh dh i'Fhbh S{s efjzdk j? i' fe ;ko/ fposKs ftu g;oh gJh j?. T[j eBkov, c';No, JhbhnN, :hN; ns/ i'fJ; d/ fposKsK #u gJh fuzsk dk ;'wK ;kwokitkdh nkXko Ekgdk j?. ;kwokitkd dk gqfstkd s/ fto'X ftukofdnK T[j gfjbh s/ d{ih ;z;ko izr
d"okB T[`mhnK fto'X ns/ w[esh dhnK bfjoK pko/ rZb eofdnK JhHn?wHc';No d/ "A Passage to India
ns/ Gide and Malraux
dhnK fbysK ~ th x'ydk j?. fJE/ T[;dk }'o poskBth ;fGnkuko ns/ ;kwokitkd #s/ j? ns/ coK;h;h nB[Gt d{i/ Bzpo #s/ nkT[Id/ jB. :hN; d/ ;kfjs ~ T[j fto'X dk fposKs efjzdk j? fe fJe soQK okFNotkdh Bk j' e/ wkBth w[esh ns/ wB[Zyh ;wki gqfs fJe ftebge fdqFNh fdzdk j?. okFNotkd gqfs ;Jhd E'Vh fMie oZydk j? ns/ fJ; ~ Bt/I oki dh ;EkgBk j/s{ ;kwokitkd gqfs w[ZYbk okiBhse fto'X wzBdk j? i' fe ;zeqKsh dk nfBtkoh gVkU j? ns/ ;hHn?bHnko, i/w;, gkpb' B/o{dk, c?BB ns/ ekpokb d/ ;kfjs dh okFNotkd gqfs G{fwek dh gq;z;k eodk j?.
;Jhd
B/ "The Voyage in the Emergence of Opposition" ftu jkFhJ/ dh fJe ghVQh d/ b/yeK fti/ ;hHn?bHnko i/w;
(The black Jacobian) i'oi n'BN'Bhn;
(The Arab Awakening) ns/ d{ih ghVQh d/ b/yeK fit/I oDihs r[jk
(The rule of property for Bengal) ns/ n?;H n?uH nbks;
(The myth of the lazy native) dhnK ouBktK s/ nkgDk fXnkB e/Idfos ehsk ns/ fJBQK ~ fto'X d/ iBw dk ;\o fejk j?. fJ; d/ nw{osB ftu fJBQK jkFhJ/ d/ b/yeK dhnK p;shnK #u d"ok eoe/ iK ;EkJh s"o #s/ gqtk; eoe/ nkgDh fbysK ftu thjthI ;dh #u ;kwokitkd fto'Xh rshFhbsk ekoiFhb j?. id'I T[j efjzdk j? fe uko/ fbysK ;kwokitkd fto'Xh ;kfjs dhnK
p/jsohB fw;kbK jB sK fiZE/ T[j i/w; s/ n'BN'Bhn; dhnK fbysK ~ ftvzpBkw{be ns/
Hermeneutical Suspicious tkbh fbys ti'I gfoGkfFs eodk j?. T[E/ r[jk s/ nbks; dhnK fbysK ~ f}nkdk ftF/F wzBdk j?. ;Jhd coKi c?BB dh fbys "The Wretched of the Earth"
~ fto'Xw{be ;kfjs fposKs dh e/Idoh N?e;N wzBdk j?. T[;dk ftuko j? fe gozgoe fposKs ;kwokitkd d/ e/Ido #u j? Gkt fe fJj okFNotkdh fjZsK ~ |?o ;wZf;ne o{g #u BjhI b? ;edk ns/ fJ; dk ft;EkgB f;ZX/ |?o fposKse ;zpzXK okjhI b'eK ftu j'Dk ukjhdk j? fiBQK ~ ;kwokitkd B/ iBiksh, fposKse ;fGnkukoK okjhI fBy/fVnk j'fJnk j?. T[j c?BB dhnK fbysK ftu'I T[; fto'X-fposKs dhnK ;zGktBktK gSkDdk j? i' fe gfjbK s'I jh dZp/ ns/ p;shtkd d/ wko/ b'eK bJh w[esh ns/ ;t? ;EkgBk
(Self ascertain) d/ ;kXB ti'I w[jo/ nkT[IdhnK jB.
;Jhd nwoheh ;kwokitkd ns/ Bt-;kwokitkd ~ th fJe' wzBdk j? go nkgD/ ;kwokitkdh ;fjeowhnK poskBhnK s/ coK; s'I fGzB. Fesh dh tos'I ns/ B?fse ikfJ}gB dhnK co/ph nghbK ekoB fJBQK dk w[jKdok ;wo{g j? go ;{uBk seBkb'ih ns/ whvhnk d/ gqGkt ekoB fJj ftfGzB ns/ tZyo/ th jB. ;Jhd nwoheh |?o f}zw/dko s/ d{fFs whvhnk nwohek nzdob/ s/ pkjob/ b'eK d/ wBK s/ nwohek dh wXg{op ftu r?o f}zw/dko, w"ekgq;s okiBhsh ekoB gJ/ gqGkt s/ jwbk eodk j? Bkb jh Bkb nwoheh
p[ZXhihthnK ~ nwoheh ;kwokitkd d/ }[bwh tsho/ r?o b'esKsfoe ns/ ;fGnkukoe s"o s/ rohph bJh th f}zw/dko mfjokT[Idk j?. T[;dk ftuko j? fe p[ZXh ihthnK gk; wkBfte bJh ftfGzB y'iK bJh pVhnK ;zGktBktK jB. T[;B/ "Subaltern Studies group"
Bkb
i[V/ b/ye fit/I ;?w{nb ns/ poBb dh gqFz;k ehsh j?.
"Movements and migrations"
ftu ;G s'I gqEw T[j ;kfwne rb'pb ;fEsh ~ ft;skoBk j? ns/ fJ; ~ gqtk; ns/ pBtk; d/ gqGkt$ dpdp/ d/ nzso nkXkfos nf;Eo g?NoBK ti'I gSkDdk j?. T[j nkgDh f}zdrh ftu c?b/ fJBQK g?NoBK tZb th ;ze/s eodk j?.
T[j ;koso, o/wzv ftbhnw, o'bKpkos ns/ fwF/b c{e' tor/ ;?e{bo p[ZXhihthnK dh |?o jk}oh #s/ th fuzss j[zdk j?. T[j nktkjD eodk j? fe ;k~ ftneshrs ns/ ftF/F ;zpzXK okjhI ekoiFhb j' e/ ;wo{g ftFttkd
(Undifferentiated Unversalism)
~ ngBkT[D ns/ ;kohnK okFNoh ;hwktK ns/ ftfGzB gozgoktK s'I gkorkwh j'Dk ukjhdk j?.
ebuo n?Iv fJzgohnfb}w nkgD/ nkg #u n"ohn?INfb}w Bkb'I f}nkdk gVQB:'r j?. ekoB FkfJd fJj pkjoh o{g ftu xZN f;XKse j?. fiZE/ n"ohn?INfb}w #u c{e', rokwFh ns/ gZSwh wkBttkd dhnK n;wM'sk w{be XkoBktK Bkb Usg's j? T[E/ ebuo n?Iv fJzgohnfb}w fJBQK f;XKse
g/uhdrhnK ~ bKG/ oZydh j? ns/ c{e', rokwFh, o/wzv ftbhnw, fJbhnN s/ c?BB d/ wkvb fBfjs o{g ftu ftukoK dk co/w pDkT[Id/ jB.
;Jhd bJh JhbhnN dk b/y "Tradition and individual talent" w{b o{g ftu fJfsjk;e ;{M dk nkXko gqdkB eodk j? fi;dh ftenshrs b/ye bJh pVh wjZssk j?. JhbhnN bJh gozgok pVh ;kekoswe ehws j?. fe;/ th b/ye bJh G{s s/ toswkB dh nzso ;zpzfXsk ns/ fBoGosk bJh ;{M j'Dh bk}wh j?. fiE/ JhbhnN B/ fJj ftuko ykb; o{g ftu ;kfjse gq;zr ftu ;Ekfgs ehs/ jB. T[E/ ;Jhd JhbhnN d/ G{s toswkB s/ GftZy d/ ;ztkd ~ nkdoF wzBdk j'fJnk G{s th fJfsjk;e ;{M ~ nfBtkoh wzBdk j? i' fe toswkB ~...... ;o{g fdzdh j?. ;Jhd gqfstkd eodk j? fe 1990-91 dk ykVh :[ZX f;o\ d' d/FK dk :[ZX BjhI ;h ;r'I fJj d' fJfsjk;K ftubk dtzd th ;h ns/ jo fJfsjk; dhnK nkgDhnK nktFesktK
(Imperitives)
jB. fJoke bJh ykVh :[ZX nopK bJh fJfsjk;e |bshnK dk ;[Xko ;h, yk; eoe/ gZSw tb'I nopK dh nk}kdh s'I fJBeko. id fe nwohek tk;s/ fJj ;[szsosk ns/ goikszso dh okyh dh bVkJh ;h. ;Jhd fJ;/ fJfsjk;e ;{M d/ wkvb okjhI d{i/ ;z;ko :[ZX ~ th T[BhIthI ;dh d/ ;kwokitkd dk gfoDkw jh ;Ekfgs eodk j?. fJ;/ soQK T[; nB[;ko ;kfwne nwoheh Bt-;kwokitkd th :"ogh ;kwokitkdh FeshnK dk G{sw[yh d[jokU j?.