n?vtov ;JhdL tzfus eoB dh okiBhsh
vkH wBw'jB f;zx

n?vtov ;Jhd gqf;ZX nop fuzse, T[`so-p;shtkdh f;XKs d/ w'Yh fuzseK ti'I ikfDnk iKdk j?. T[j :{o'Fbw iBfwnkl fw;o ns/ fbpBkB ftu gfbnk ns/ w[Ybh ftfdnk jk;b ehsh. T[;B/ nkgDh T[`u ftfdnk nwohek ftu gqkgs ehsh fiZE/ T[j e'bzphnk
  :{Bhtof;Nh ftu nfXnkgB dk ekoi eo fojk j?. T[; d/ gfotko ~ 1947-1948 ftu
  :j{dhnK dh @@xo tkg;h## Bkb nkgDh wksG{wh s'I tzfus eo fdZsk frnk ;h. ;Jhd dk ;zpzX T[BQK p[ZXhihthnK dh ghVQh Bkb j? i' nop okFNotkd ns/ ;fGnkuko d/
 g[Bo-ikroD dh bfjo s'I, gqGkfts j'J/ ;B fi;dk nzs nkN'wB ;kwoki fto[X 1917 dh nop p|kts ftu j'fJnk. nop okFNotkd ns/ ;fGnkuko ns/ fJ;dh gSkD ns/ fJ; s'I gq/fos cb;shBh w[esh x'b ;Jhd d/ p"fXe ekoi dk fJe yk; nzr j?. fpb n?FeokcN (Bill Ashcroft) ns/ gkb nkjb{tkbhnk B/ nkgDh g[;se Edward Said : The Paradox of Identity (1999) ftu fejk j? fe 1967 s'I fgZS'I ;Jhd ~ nfj;k; j'fJnk fe @@T[j d' f}zdrhnK BjhI ih ;edk ns/ d' gSkDK BjhI oZy ;edk ns/ fJj nB[Gt T[; d/ ekoi ftu T[;/ gb s'I gqrN j'Dk F[o{ j' frnk.##¹ T[;~ fJj ;gFN ;h fit/I fe T[; B/ nkgDh
 g[;se Orientalism (1978) ftu fejk j? fe gZSw ftu ftF/F s"o s/ nwohek ftu nop dh f}zdrh @@fBoT[sFkfjs## eoB :'r j?. The Politics of Dispossession (1994) ftu T[;dk
  T[d/F fJj dZ;Dk ;h fe @@cb;shBh th j'o b'eK tor/ b'e jB, fJBQK dk th fJfsjk; j? ns/ fJ; s'I th tZX fJBQK ~ th nksw-fBoD? dk nfXeko j? HHH T[; iBse u/sBk ~ pdbD dh e'fFF ehsh fi; ftu cb;shBh dh e'Jh w"i{drh BjhI ;h.##² go ;Jhd gozgokrs okFNotkd dhnK XkoBktK d/ T[bN ;z;ko d/ Bt/I okiBhfse, fJfsjk;e ns/ dkoFfBe gfog/y ftu cb;shBh okFNotkdh J/izv/ ~ g[Bo gqGkFs eoB dk T[gokbk eodk j?. T[j cb;shBhnK bJh nksw-fBoD?, e"wh ][dw[]skoh bJh th yVdk j? ns/ :j{dhnK s/ |?o-:j{dhnK ftu nkg;h ;fj:'r d/ ;fjj'Id s/ th pb fdzdk j?.

;Jhd fJe wkoe;tkdh fuzse j[zfdnK j'fJnK T[`so-nkX[fBesktkdh th j? s/ T[`so-wkoe;tkdh th. T[j wkoe;tkdh j? feT[Ife d{i/ wkoe;tkdhnK tKr T[j th sFZdd
  |[bkwh, F'FD dk fto'Xh j? ns/ wkBtsk dh w[esh T[; dk w[Zy T[d/F j?. go
 T[j gozgokrs wkoe;tkd dk fto'Xh j? feT[Ife okFNotkd d/ w[Zd/ s/ wkoe;tkdh fuzsB nX{ok j?. T[j Bt/I gZSwh wkoe;tkdh fuzseK (b[eku rqkwFh, nbfET{}o, nkv'oB', o/wzv ftbhnw} ns/ ;koso) s'I gqGkts j?. b[eku ns/ rqkwFh tKr u/sBk s/ ;fGnkuko T[; bJh ;Zsk s/ |[bkwh d/ e/Ido (sites) jB. fJj T[j ;EkB jB i'
 w[esh dk nkozGe fpzd{ pD ;ed/ jB. T[`so-nkX[fBe fuzseK (d?ohdk iK b:'skod) tKr ;Jhd :{ogh wjK-fposKsK (T[dkotkd s/ wkoe;tkd) s/ gqFB fuzBQ brkT[Idk j?.³ T[j c{e' tKr gqtuB ~ fJZSk iK Fesh dk ;kXB wzBdk j?.

cb;shBh w[esh bfjo 50ftnK d"okB gfjbK ikovB s/ fco fbpBkB ftu F[o{ j'Jh ns/ j"bh j"bh fJ; dk x/ok fiZE/ feXo/ th cb;shBh ;B, se c?b frnk. ;Jhd dh Fw{bhns fJ; bfjo ftu 1968 ftu j'Jh id'I ;Jhd d/ nkgD/ efjD nB[;ko T[;B/ nkgD/ nkg pko/ fJe nfij/ ftnesh d/ s"o #s/ wfj;{; ehsk fijVk @@f;ZX/ s"o s/ cb;shB dh
 f}zdrh ns/ okiBhsh d/ g[Bo ikroD ftu Fkwb ;h.##⁴ cb;shBh fiBQK ~ 1948 ftu nkgDh wksG{wh s'I tZy eo fdZsk frnk ;h B/ nkgDh w[esh bJh ;zxoF 
S/V fdZsk ;h. fJj ;zxoF e/tb T[; }whB ~ jh BjhI pbfe T[; nkgDh y[;h j'Jh gSkD, j'Id ns/ fJfsjk; ~ w[V jk;b eoB bJh th ;h. ;Jhd nB[;ko Bk;o dh nrtkjh s'I E'Vk fuo pknd @@nop j'D dk wsbp jko, MNek s/ p"]bk d/D tkbh nfBFussk dk nfj;k; ;h.##⁵

cb;shB u'I T[mkJ/ ikD fgZS'I cb;shBh fiBQK ~ ;hohnk s/ fw;o ftu tyoh gSkD rqfjD eoB bJh wip{o j'Dk fgnk ;h, 1967 s'I pkd gfjbh tko w[V cb;shBh pDB ns/ nkgDh g;zd dh bfjo ftu Fkwb j'D dk w"ek fwfbnk ;h. go cb;shBhnK ~ fJ; bfjo ftu x'o sFZdd s/ fjz;k dk fFeko j'Dk fgnk ;h. (gfjbk ekbh ;szpo 1970, s/ fco fbpBkB f;ftb tko 1975) cb;shBh w[esh bfjo ;z;ko dhnK j'o w[esh bfjoK s'I fJe ftbZyD fe;w dh bfjo j?. pj[s/ cb;shBh fJ}okJhb ns/ d{i/ ep}/ j/mb/ y/soK (Occupied Territories) s'I pkjo ofjzd/ jB. 1948 ftu fJ}okJhb p/xo :j{dhtkdhnK (Zionists) bJh gBkjrkj pD frnk. T[d'I :j{dhnK d/ ep}/ ftu f;oc S/ gqshFs EK ;h. gZSwh FeshnK ]k; s"o s/ nwohek dk \"ih ;woEB Bkb bZyK cb;shBhnK ~ :j{dhtkdhnK tZb'I T[mk fdZsk frnk. ikovB s'I cb;shBh fJbkek ]kbh eotk fbnk frnk iK y'j fbnk frnk. nZi d[BhnK ftu ukbh bZy cb;shBh ft;Ekgs, fyzv/-g[zv/ s/ |[bkw ro[ZgK d/ s"o s/ ;z;ko ftu ofj oj/ jB. fJBQK #u'I ;kY/ S/ bZy fJ}okJhbh nop ftu nzdo{Bh p;sheoB sfjs, 13 bZy t?;N p?Ie s/ rk}k ftu \"ih ;EkgBk sfjs ns/ j'o nfij/ cb;shBh ibktsB fijV/ d[BhnK d/ d{i/ fjZf;nK (ikovB ns/ fbpBkB) ftu ofj oj/ jB. fw;kb s/ s"o s/ gzi bZy cb;shBh 1948 s'I fbpBkB ftu jB. cb;shBh nopK ~ fJ}okJhbh ns/ nwoheh je{wsK tZb'I ykVe{ ns/ dfjFsrod iK tfjFh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. d{i/ gk;/ fJBQK s/ je{ws eoB tkb/ fJ}okJhb dk e'Jh ;zftXkB BjhI. fJ;dhnK e'Jh nzdo{Bh s"o #s/ n?bkBhnK rJhnK jZdK BjhI jB. d[BhnK Go d/ :j{dhnK T[`s/ @@tkg;h dk ek~B## bkr{ j[zdk j? fi; nB[;ko d[BhnK ftu fe;/ e'B/ ftu p?m/ :j{dh ~ nkgD/ w[be tkg; nkT[D dk nfXeko j?.

;Jhd ;wMdk j? fe cb;shBh w[esh bfjo B/ nop okFNotkd ftu BthI o{j c{eh j? ns/ :EkoE pko/ g[okD/ nop fJ;bkw ftukoK ~ fgZS/ SZfvnk j?. j[D sZe nop gqfsGk bJh ;z;ko @@Gog{osk ns/ ;wekbesk ;hHHH e'Jh ntu/sB BjhI, e'Jh b[gssk BjhI fijVh fdqFNh, gozgok ns/ ftF/F s"o s/ GkFk ~ s[ozs T[gbZpX Bk j't/.##⁶ fJ; g{ot-fBFfus XkoBk ftu e'Jh gfotosB nopK ~ wB}{o BjhI ;h feT[Ife fJj ftFtk; ~ XZek bkT[D tkbh rZb ;h. fJ;/ soQK :j{dhtkd (Zionism) pko/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe fJj :j{dh Xow dk jh ft;sko j? fJ;d/ d' gfjb{ ;dhthI$ekbw[es (universal timeless) ns/ Xow fBog/y$ekfbe (temporal) jB. i' nkg; ftu w/b BjhI yKd/. fJ; bJh ;EkB Bkb brkt d/ nkXko s/ nkgD/ fJfsjk;e w"i{drh ~ ikfJ} mfjokT[Idk j? ns/ nkgDh c"ih Fesh d/ f;o s/ fto'Xh dknftnK dk yzvB eodk j?. fco th ;Jhd dk ftuko j? fe d't/I fcofenK B/ nkg' nkgD/ Yzr Bkb nkg;h tyo/t/I (exclusiveness) ftu tkXk ehsk j?. nopK nB[;ko nkoEo e';bo (Arther Koester) d/ efjD tKr :j{dh Xow j'o ;ko/ XowK s'I nbZr j? feT[Ife fJj B;bh @@ftseo/## ns/ e"wh @@tyo/t/I## s/ nXkos j? ns/ @@;wkfie sDkT[-T[gikT[## j?.⁷ nopK B/ fJ;d/ tZytkdh o[MkB s/ tX/o/ pb fdZsk j?. go cb;shBhnK ~ :j{dhnK pko/ nkgD/ B}ohJ/ ftu spdhbh fbnkT[Dh gt/rh. ;Jhd dk ftFtk; j? fe nop okFNoh w[esh bfjo 1948 sZe dk ;wK Bt/I fJfsjk; dh F[o{nks j?. cb;shBh bfjo d/ T[Gko Bkb nop ns/ :j{dh okFNotkd ftu gkVk e[M xfNnk j? i' GftZy ftu d't/I GkJhukfonK dofwnkB fJe;[osk fbnkT[D ftu ;jkJh j' ;edk j?. ;Jhd ~ brdk j? fe cb;shB B/ @@fJe ns/ pj[s/ ftnesh ns/ ;w[dkfJ d/ nzso-;zpzXs ftukoK ~ iBw fdZsk j?.##⁸

cb;shB dh w[esh bfjo ~ 1967 s'I pknd nzsookFNoh wkBsk fwbh. :{Hn?BHUH d/ wfsnk ftu cb;shBhnK ~ fJe tZyo/ GkJhuko/ ns/ e"whns d/ s"o s/ gqtkB ehsk frnk.
 :{Hn?BHUH tZb'I gk; ehs/ rJ/ 142 ws/ cb;shBh bfjo dh Fbkxk:'r gqkgsh ;h.
 :{Hn?BHUH dk 1963 dk wsk iksh, ozr, Xow, e"whns d/ nkXko s/ fe;/ th fyZs/ d/ b'eK Bkb ftsoek eoB dh wBkjh eodk j?. fJj ws/ fJ}okJhbhnK d[nkok cb;shBh }whB s/ ep}k eoB, cb;shBh b'eK d/ f]bk\ i[owK dk fto'X eod/ jB. :{Hn?BHUH s'I fJbktk cb;shBh w[esh bfjoK ~ JhHJhH;hH Bkwl fJ;bkfwe ekB\oz;, nop bhr, torhnK nzso okFNoh iE/pzdhnK dh jwkfJs jk;b j'Jh j?. fJzBh jwkfJs d/ pkti{d cb;shBh bfjo ~ rzGho u[D"shnK dk ;kjwQDk eoBk fgnk. ;Jhd dk ftuko j? fe ed/ th @@fJ; ;dh ftu iK fe;/ j'o ftu e'Jh th nfijh w[esh bfjo BjhI j'Jh fi;~ n?BhnK tZvhnK w[FebK dk ;kjwQDk eoBk fgnk j't/.##⁹ cb;shBh bfjo dh fJe ftvzpBk fJj ojh j? fe fJ; dk ;kjwQDk T[BK b'eK Bkb j? i' Bk}h xZb{xko/ dk fFeko j'J/ i' ][d ft;EkgB dk fFeko j'J/ ns/ wro'I p;shtkdh j' rJ/. fJ}okJhb ~ :{ogh d/FK dh jwkfJs s'I fJbktk nwoheh \"ih wZdd jk;b j?.

;Jhd nB[;ko nwohek ftu cb;shBh w[esh bfjo ~ jwkfJs fwbD dh pj[sh r[zikfJF BjhI j?. cb;shB d/ nop ;fj:'rh n;b ;fj:'rh BjhI jB (fw;kb d/ s"o s/ ;kT[dh nop s/ fw;o). fbpBkB ftu ;hohnk B/ cb;shBh w[esh bfjo d/ f]bkc bVkJh fdZsh j?. gZSw ns/ nwohek d/ p[ZXhihth wZXJ/Fhnk dh okiBhsh pko/ ;ztkd eoB s'I fMied/ jB. ;Jhd ~ fJsok} j? fe u"w;eh tor/ fuzseK dhnK fbysK ftu th nop ;z;ko dh okiBhsh dk ;jh ikfJ}k BjhI fbnk frnk. nwoheh whvhnk fto'Xh ;[oK ~ ne;o bKG/ eodk j?. nwohek B/ nopK d/ f]bk\ ;fGnkukoe izr S/Vh j'Jh j?. nwohek wZX J/Fhnk ftu nkgD/ Fesh fjZsK bJh w"i{drh jh BjhI ukj[zdk, pbfe ;ko/ ;z;ko bJh @@J/izvk s?j eoBk ukj[zdk j?.##¹⁰