;Jhd ns/ c{e' L ;ZfGnkuko ns/ d/j T[[`s/ gqG[sk
vkH dhfgzdoihs ozXktk

fJ; y'i gZso ftu wzst g{optkd dh fJZe pj[g;koh gqG[sZJh fBowkD ti'I ftnkfynk d/Dk j?.g{optkd, ftT[Isk d/ gqG[sZJh B?Ntoe ti'I, g{oph ;ZfGnkukoK d/ nzsoK ns/ ftF/FsktK ~ T[BQK d/ fJfsjk;K$gkmK$gftZso ~ ngqk;zfrs eoe/, ;wkgs eoB bJh ftef;s ehsk frnk ;h. fJj y'i gZso ;Jhd ns/ c{e' d/ g?okvkJhwh ;zpzX dk th nfXn?B j? feT[Ife d't/I fuzse gZSw dhnK T[BQK ;G oki;h, gdkoEe ns/ frnkB-Fk;soh ouBktK dh pz;ktbh iK ihBhnkb'ih ~ th bZGd/ jB fiBQK Bkb gZSw B/ J/Fhnk ns/ n\ohek d/ ;ZfGnkukoK ns/ d/j dhnK vkfJT[fB;h FeshnK dk Bk; ehsk.

gZSw dh sZstkdh ns/ ftt/eFhb g?okvkJhw B/ nkgDh ;wZf;nkFkbk T[`s/ nfXeko gqkgs eoB bJh g{op ~ ftxfms ehsk. fJZe g;koh ftt/e, gdkoEtkd ns/ oZp d/ fBoj'IdeoB B/ gZSw ~ g{oph ;ZfGnkukoK d/ ngjoB Bkb nkgD/ nkg ~ g[Boihtzs eoB bJh wip{o ehsk ;h. g{op okjhI gZSw dk g{op tZb ;\o, fJZSk$T{D$tkXkeoB$fBT[o'f;;$Fesh Bkb ;zpzfXs nkofEe ftT[IsK dk ;\o j?.

;Jhd dh g{optkd pko/ ;wM gZSw dhnK T[BQK nB/e ftT[IsK ~ BkNe s'I ftef;s j'Jh j? i' g{op ~ nXhB eoB bJh toshnK rJhnK.;Jhd bJh, g{optkd fJZe g/uhdk gqG[skXkoh gq'i?eN j? fi; ftu fJZe ftF/F okiBhsh ns/ frnkB-Fk;so dk fBt/F j?. fJ; Bkb fJZe' t/b/ g{op ~ g{ot ns/ pj[-fBFfus ehsk iKdk j?. feT[Ife g{op ~ n;fssth gZXo T[`s/ fwNkfJnk BjhI ;h ik ;edk, eJh gqeko dh seBkb'ih Jhikd ehsh rJh sK fe fJ; ~ @@pzdh pDkfJnk ikt/, fJ; Bkb ftjko ehsk ikt/, (fJ; ~) fposKfsnk ikt/, ;[Xkfonk ikt/, ftF/F s"o *s/ pdfbnk ikt/## (;Jhd,1991L94) fJ; bJh ;Jhd T[; g{optkd dh feqNhe f;oidk j? fi; B/ pj[gZyh Fesh-;zouBk ti'I jkth j'D bJh eJh oki;h, frnkB-Fk;soh, fuzBQ-Fk;soh ns/ wB'ftfrnkBh u"yN/ pDkJ/.

gZSw dk g{op bJh nkeoFD wkofNB p{po d/ noEK ftu, fJ; Bkb e'Jh ;ztkd ;Ekfgs eoB bJh ftef;s BjhI j'fJnk. g{op ns/ gZSw ftueko Nkeok, fit/I fe ;Jhd efjzdk j?, e'Jh ;keko Nkeok BjhI ;h, ;r'I @@fJZe Fesh foFsk ;h, fJZe r[zMbdko gqG[;Zsk dk tZy-tZy dofinK ftZu jkth j'Dk ;h## (Ujh, 5) fJj fJZe fBF/X dk foFsk ;h fi; ftZu g{op ~ Bhu t;s$nBksw dh jZd sZe xNk fdZsk frnk ;h. gZSw B/ g{oph ;ZfGnkukoK ftZu wB'tkdh dyb nkgDh T[; g[}hFB s'I nkozfGnk.

i' ftt/eFhbsk$Jh;kJhns$ftfrnkBe bkG ftZu ;fEs ;h. gZSw fJZe @@v?;g'fNe (skBkFkjh) f;rBhckfJo## (d/fbT{} ns/ r[nkNoh, 1984L54) pD frnk fi; ftZu ;G noEr"ot e'vpZX j' rJ/, fJZe dwBekoh v?;g"fNe (skBkFkjh) wFhB ftu o/yeh pD rJ/. g{optkd B/ fJZe nfijk ;bsBsheoB tkbk ikb gqpzX iK B?`Ntoe f;ofink fi; okjhI fJj g{op ~ Bt-;zrms eo ;edk ;h. g{op, ;g/;$fJfsjk;$y/so ns/ gftZso dk nfijk w[ekpbk pD frnk fi; ftZu pj[-gZfysk ns/ pj[bsk ~ tfjFh$nskofee$fBg[z;e$ftfuZso ns/ n;gZFN efj e/ pdb fdZsk frnk. ;Jhd nB[;ko d{i/ ;ZfGnkukoK pko/ fJj gotuB b[e/ j'J/ okiBhse Nq/;K (;[okrK) s'I w[es BjhI ;h. gZSw B/ i' gotuB T[;ko/ T[BQK fgZS/ ezw eo ojh Bhsh g{oph ;ZfGnkukoK ~ ftrkV e/$jfEnk e/ nkgDh y/soh ns/ okiBhse gqG{;Zsk ;zgzBsk ;Ekfgs eoBk ;h. fJ; soQK g{optkd, fJZe gq'rokwh ftukoXkok pD rJh fi; ftZu g{oph pj[gfysk ns/ pj[bsk ~ ftrkV e/ n;ZG: ns/ ftfuZso pDk fdZsk frnk. gqG[sZth FeshnK-poskBhnk, \oK;, ns/ nwohek okiBhse, nkofEe ns/ frnkBFkFsoh ftT[Isk pDk e/ g{op ~ nbZr-EbZr eoB tkb/ ;EkB pD rJ/. g{op dk fJj ;kwokiheoB Fesh-foFfsnK dk fJZe g/uhdk ;zrmB pD frnk fi; ftZu gdkoEe$ftukoXkoe$gkm-;zpzfXs$okiBhse$fuzBQ-ftfrnkBh gotuB fJZe' ;w/I g{oph ;ZfGnkukoe ns/ y/so ~ @@gqshfBXsth ;g/;K (b?\/pto, 1992L45) ftZu pdb fdZsk frnk. jkFhns, dfbs ns/ pkjobh jZd sZe ;fEs ~ fJZe fBofdFN ;g/; ftZu pV/ @@fjz;kswe ;kXBK## okjhI BtK o{g d/ fdZsk frnk (T[jh, 49).

gZSw dh Fesh bJh BhNFh fJZSk frnkB-i[rsK dh fJZe r[zMbdko bVh ;h. ;Jhd d/ T[BQK ;G ;zouBktK dh fgZS/ sZe gVskb ehsh j? i' ;BksBh ekb s'I nZi sZe gZSw d/ ;z:[es gotuB ~ T[;koB bJh toshnK rJhnK jb. ;Jhd dk ;[Mkn j? fe doFB, wkBt-ftfrnkB, nB[tkd, GkFk-Fk;so, :ksok ;G T[; skofee nkoekfJt dk fjZ;k pD/ fiBQK Bkb J/FhnkJh n;fsst$fJfsjk; ns/ ;g/; dk Nkeok ehsk frnk. gZSw dh v?;g"fNe d/j, J/FhnkJh frnkBFkbtK dk w[ekpbk eoB bJh, Fesh y/vK T[gikT[D ns/ T[BQK Bkb g{oph ;ZfGnkukoK ~ gZSw dh T[`swsk nXhB fbnkT[D bJh xo pD rJh. ;kwoki ftZu, jkth ns/ jkFhns ;ZfGnkukoK dofwnkB tNKdok ck;b/ tkbk ;h. fJ; ftZu fJZe d{i/ dk nzso ikDB Bkb ;zpzfXs B/V BjhI ;h. J/FhnkJh ftF/Fsk ns/ gohtosB ~ gb?N"fBe fe;w d/ sZstkd tZb XZe fdZsk frnk ;h. fJj gZSw dh fJZe ikDh-p[ZMh i[rs ;h fi; Bkb fw;o d/ ;ZfGnkuko ~ @@fJZe d/;h T[sgsh dh EK ftfuZso T[sgsh## tkbk p{Nk pDk fdZsk frnk (;Jhd, 1991L39). g?rzpo w[jzwd fJZe BkNeh fpzp dh gqshfBXsk pD frnk,, fJZe @@gkyzvh wj[zwd, fJZe e[\o dk eosk ns/ w'Yh## (Ujh,66) dKs/ dk d'}y, g?rzpo w[jzwd ~ Boe d/ B"I dkfJfonk ftZu ;[ZND ekoD ekbgfBe fBowkD dk fjZ;k pD iKdk j?. gZSw d/ fJ;bkw Bkb fto'X ~ th ;Jhd gZSw dh Jh;kJhns Bkb ;ZfGnkukoe B/V ti'I ;wMkT[Idk j?. Bg'bhnB d/ jwb/ fgZS'I gZSw B/ nkgDh okiBhse s'g ~ d[pkok Gfonk ns/ g{oph GkFktK ns/ ;ZfGnsk ~ gZSw dh gqG[sk Bkb ;zpzfXs B?`Ntoe nXhB b? nKdk. Gkos ftZu th ;kwoki d/ (y/soh) gqt/F fgZS'I nkofEe ns/ okiBhse jwbk fJj ;wM e/ ehsk frnk fe Gkos ftZu e/tb y/soh ;kwoki jh ekch BjhI j't/rk. Gkos T[`s/ oki eoB bJh, gZSw B/ nkgDhnK ftT[Isk ~ Gkosh ekB{zBK ns/ ;z;feqs d/ frnkB Bkb b?; ehsk.

;Jhd, \"ohno dk jtkbk fdzdk j? fi; B/ Bg'bhnB d/ jwb/ ~ fJj efj e/ Yfenk fe Bg'bhnB dh fJZSk fw;o ~ @@fJZe ;zg{oD ;ZfGnsk d/ bkG d/Dk ;h (Ujh,85). ;Jhd fJj dbhb fdzdk j? fe Ftkp, o?BB, b/b ns/ j'oK dhnk feosK B/ gkmK dk fJZe nfijk Gzvko pDk fdZsk ;h i' b?ftBk; d/ noEK ftu @@n?g;hnkNh## (gqk;gfoesk) Bkb BjhI ;h pDkfJnk frnk. (b?ftBk; 1991L118) ;r'I go (ndo) dh ftfusZosk Bkb NeokT[D bJh gkm-;fEs Fesh ti'I pDkfJnk frnk ;h sK fe g{op dk fBF/X ehsk ik ;e/. b?ftBk; B/ n?g;hnkNh iK gqk;gfoesk ~ w?I-T[j nzso;ztkd dh n;hw y'i nkfynk j?. T[j efjzdk j? fe fJj fJZe pj[bsk dk foFsk j? fi; ftZu w?I @@ftnesh ns/ ;kXkoD (iBob) d/ dofwnkB G/d s'I pkjo j?## (Ujh,18). n?g;hnkfNe foFs/ dk nsfoes, ;wZrosk ns/ ftFkpZXsk## ~ Gzr eodk j?. g{optkdh okiBhse ns/ frnkBFk;soh u"yN/ ftZu ofj e/ jh thnkBk dh uou e"I;b B/ 1312 Jh;th ftZu noph, :{BkBh ns/ jhfpfoT{ GkFktK ftZu u/noK ;Ekfgs eoB dk c?;bk fbnk. Bg'bhnB d/ @@fJfigN fJB;NhfuT{N## ns/ @@fJB;NhfuT{N d/ \oK;## th gZSw dh T[`usk ~ ;Ekfgs eoB d/ ;kXB pD/. o?BB d/ ;kwh ns/ fJzv'-:"ogh GkFktK dofwnkB ifNb g?okvkJhwh foFfsnK dk B?`Ntoe ;Ekfgs ehsk sK fe g{oph GkFktK ~ iVQ pDkT[D bJh nkozG/ gZSwh T[d:'r ~ T[`ufssk fdZsh ik ;e/. nop ;ZfGnkuko @@nD;jh## (inaccurate) pD oj/ ns/ @@nX{o/## j'D dh jZd sZe XZe fdZs/ rJ/. (;Jhd, 1991L149).

;ZfGnkuko ns/ ;kwoki g[;se ftZu, ;Jhd B/ fvBe}, c"o;No, ns/ e"Bov dhnK feosK dk ft;Eko ;fjs nfXn?B ehsk j? fi; dk w[Zy wzst ;kwokih FeshnK d/ T[BQK N/q;K (;[okrK) ~ ;kjwD/ fbnkT[Dk j? i' o{geK ~ e'vpZX eoB ns/ J/FhnkJh ;ZfGnkukoK d/ nB[o{g f;oiD bJh fJBQK b/yeK dhnK F?bhnK dk fjZ;k pD/. fJ; soQK fposKs, fJZSk ns/ Fesh dk U}ko pD frnk fi; B/ ;zfwbB$;EkB-gohtosB$e'veoB dk ;wtosB T[;kfonk sK fe fJZe fposKse nfBFfussk T[sgzB j't/ fi; Bkb fJfsjk;$ d/;htkd$o{ge$Fesh, go d/ gqshfposKseoB bJh x[b fwb ikD. fit/I fe j/vb tkJhN B/ nkgDh g[;se d e"BN?IN n"\ d c"ow ftZu ;wkfMnk j?, g{optkdh fposKs ~ FeshFkbh ro[Zg d/ g{ot-fBt/F Bkb'I nbZr-EbZr BjhI ehsk ik ;edk.

n?votov ;Jhd, T[BQK ;G okiBhse, frnkB-Fk;soh ns/ fuzBQ-ftfrnkBe Fesh ;zouBktK dk nsh-p'M u[Ze e/ nkgDh ftnkfynk T[;kodk j? i' gZSw dh nksw;ksh g?okvkJhw B/ g{op dh ftnkfynk bJh toshnk J/FhnK d/ fJfsjk;$;g/; ns/ d/j ftZu ehs/ rJ/ gZSwh dyb, c{e' d/ FpdK ftu, g{oph ;ZfGnkukoK ~ ;kwokih ns/ ftt/eFhb gqG[Zsk nXhB fbnkT[D bJh fBowkfDs @@tkX{-ftXkBe## Fesh-;zouBktK ;B. gZSwh ;ZfGnkuko B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ fJZe F[ZX ns/ sksfte ;ZfGnkuko ti'I fJZe irsh ;EkB T[`s/ yVk ehsk. g{op ~ wX'b fdZsk frnk, T[; s'I T[; dh gqwkfDe j'Id y'j bJh rJh. fJ; soQK g{optkd fJZe ;kwokih$Xkofwe$;ZfGnkukoe fjz;k dh ;g/; pD rJh. ;kwoki B/ tZy' tZy :'iBktK Bkb g{oph ;ZfGnkukoK d/ ftek; ftZu o'eK gkJhnk ns/ ;ZfGnkuko$G{r'b$;"Ido:-Fk;so$gkm nfijhnK ouBktK pD rJ/ fiBQK B/ J/Fhnk dh tzB-;[tzBsk ns/ pj[bsk ~ nB[Fkf;s eo fdZsk.

;Jhd dh g{optkd pko/ ;wM T[; d/ nkgD/ fJfsjk;$y/so$ihtB d/ gotk;h ndb-pdb s'I T[sgzB j'Jh.;Jhd jZdK T[`s/ ofjD dh nkgDh ;fEsh ~ nbzekoe noEr"ot bJh tos b?Idk j?. T[j c{e', BhNF/, rqkwZFh, the' ns/ c?BB ftu'I bJh nzso-fdqFNhnK b? e/ T[BQK ~ i'Vdk j? ns/ fJ; Bshi/ T[`s/ gj[zudk j? fe g{optkd J/FhnkJh$n\oheB ;ZfGnkukok dh mhe gqshfBXsk BjhI ;h, ;r'I T[`BK ~ nfXeko ftZu b?D bJh fJZe okiBhse fposKs ;h. ;Jhd g{op ~ nfXeko nXhB eoB dh gZSwh fJZSk ~ nkgDh ;wZf;nk jZb eoB d/ w[Zd/ Bkb i'Vdk j?. g{op, fJ; gq;zr ftu, fJZe wB'fues;e ;EkB pD frnk fiZE/ gZSw nkgD/ nkg ~ g[Bo-ihtzs pDk ;edk ;h. gZSw dh gqG[sk irkT[D dh fJZSk fgZS/ b[fenk j'fJnk fJZe wkBf;e G?n th ;h. fJj wzfBnk ikD bZrk ;h fe gZSw dh fJZe gk;koh wekBehnsk ns/ fJ; s'I T[giD tkbh no'rsk vkfJT[Bh;h J/Fhnk Bkb gqk;gfoesk pDkT[d Bkb mhe j' ;edh ;h. gdkoEe ns/ ftfrnkBe o/yeheoB B/ gZSw ~ g{oph pj[bsk Bkb nF[ZX j'D bJh wip{o eo fdZsk ;h. ;Jhd, cbkp/no d/ jtkb/ Bkb gZSw d/ pKMgD ~ noE fdzdk j?. gZSw dk gq"i?eN fi; dk b]F f;o/ T[`s/ gj[zfdnK j'fJnK skofee FeshnK ~ g{op Bkb Nkeo/ d"okB BtK eoBk ;h, fBojzeko BjhI ;h. soe iK ftt/e B/ oZp dh EK b? bJh ;h. gftZso ftZu'I nkT[D tkb/ fpB; oj/ @@f;yo nB[GtK## ~ gqkgs eob bJh gZSw B/ Gkos ns/ j'o g{oph d/;K tZb o[MkB pDkfJnk.