g{optkd L ;zebg ns/ gfog/y
vkH r[oGrs f;zx

@@g{optkd## nzrq/}h Fpd @@Uohn?INfb}w## (Orientalism) dk gzikph o{g j?. fJ; d/ ;zebg ns/ gfog/y ~ ;wMD bJh fJBQK d' FpdK dh w[ZYbh gfoGkFk ikDBh }o{oh j?. ;zebg, ftFtkoE ~ ;Ekfgs eoB tkbk ftuko j?. fJj ekoi fJzdoh-nB[G{shnK BjhI eo ;edhnK.fit/I fe eKN B/ d feqNhe n"\ iZiw?IN ftZu f;XKspZX ehsk j? (1988L12) ;zebg dk nkgDk e'Jh y/so BjhI, e/tb fBtk;-;EkB (vt?`fbzr-gb/;) j[zdk j?. fJj fJe ek~B o{g Xkodk j?, go ftXkBekoh BjhI j' ;edk. fJ; dk y/so th ;kvh p'X-Fesh d/ nBksw (n"pi?eN) Bkb ;zpzX ftZu'I pDdk j?. gfog/y, ;zebgK d/ i'V Bkb f;oih fdqFNh j? fi; dk fJe fBFfus }kthnk j[zdk j?. ;gFN j? fe gfog/y pj[-}kth iK nfBe-e'Nh BjhI j' ;edk.

g{optkd, ;zebg d/ s"o s/ gZSwh d/FK dh ouBk j? fi; okjhI T[BQK B/ ncoheB, J/FhnkJh, :j{dh-nop ;fGnkukoK pko/ nkgDh ftnkfynk T[;koh. fJ; ftnkfynk iK gotuB fgZS/ gZSw ns/ g{op dofwnkB w"i{d Fesh foFs/ jB fiBQK ftZu gZSw fJZe T[sZw ns/ ;ZG: ;fGnkuko j? ns/ g{op fJe fBwB, nfB:fws ;ZfGnkukoK dk fJeZm fi; d/ Xow fJ;bkw, fjzd{tkd nkfd Jh;kJhns s'I BhIt/I jB. fJ; soQK g{op ~ gZSw tZb'I fJZe ;dhthI, npdb iK po\ tKr izfwnk j'fJnk sZs pDk fdZsk frnk, fi; dk Bk e'Jh ftek; j? ns/ Bk jh wkD:'r fJfsjk;. gZSw B/ nkgDh j;sh ~ T[`sw ns/ nkdoFe wzB e/ g{op pko/, jkth j'D dh fJZSk Bkb i' ;zebg T[;kfonk ns/ fJ; d/ ft;Eko Bkb i' gotuB ns/ nfGnk; j'Id ftZu fbnKd/, T[j ;G g{optkd d/ dkfJo/ ftZu
  nkT[Id/ jB. fJBQK fgZS/ ezw eo fojk gfog/y fJeKrh j?. fJ; dk }kthnk gZSw dh
 T[`swsk ns/ g{op dh fBwosk iK npdb sZs ;Ekfgs eoBk jh j?. BhsF/ dk ;zebg tos e/ fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe g{optkd @@ihBhnkb'ih## j?. fJ; ftZu eJh gqeko
 d/ nB[Fk;B jB, g{oh pz;ktbh j?, fiBQK dk w[Zy w[Zdk iK p[fBnkdh g?okvkJhw g{op ~ gZSw dh gqG[sk nB[;ko @@nB[Fkf;s## eoBk j?, c{e' d/ noEK ftZu nB[Fkf;s
 eoBk--d{i/ ;fZGnkuko ~ wB[Zyh d/j tKr Fesh foFfsnK Bkb w'jopzd eoBk ns/ T[; dh j;sh ~ BekoBk iK ftrkVBk.

g{optkd dk gotuB ns/ nfGnk;, fJ; dk fJeKrh gfog/y ns/ g{ok nkoekJht iK g[okb/y-rqfj, fJe ftF/F dkoFfBe, nkofEe ns/ oki;h ;fEsh ftZu j'Id ftZu nkJ/. dkoFfBe ;fEsh fi; ~ BhsF/ gftZso iK @@ oZp dh w"s ## efjzdk j?. Bt/I ftfrnkB ns/ fJ; s'I gqGkfts j'J/ tor dk j'Id ftu nkT[Dk fi; Bkb fuzsB ns/ ihtB fJZe e/Ido Bkb'I N[ZN rJ/. gotuB ykbh j' frnk. nkofEe gZy ;h d;sekoh ns/ ftfrnkB dh uVQs Bkb g{zihgZsh gqpzX dk j'Id ftZu nkT[Dk fi; ~ nw?B{nb t?`bo;NkJhB @@nkX[fBe ftFt gqpzX## efjzdk j?. gZSwh g{zihtkd d/ ftek; bJh d{i/ ;ZfGnkukoK ~ nXhB-fJekJhnK ftZu pzBQDk fJZe gqpzX th b'V ;h. oki;h gZy fJj ;h fe ;ZfGnkukoe gqG[sk j[D c"ih ns/ nkofEe skes Bkb i[V rJh ;h. feT[Ife gZSw fJ; skes ftZu pbtzs ;h, g{oph e"wK ns/ ;ZfGnkukoK dh gqG[sk jo ;w/I jwb/ ns/ Bk; d/ x/o/ ftZu ;h.

g{optkd dh Gog{o feqNhe n?vtov ;Z:d B/ nkgDh gqw[Zy g[;se Uohn?INfb}w (1978) ftZu T[;koh j?. nkgD/ fJ; nkb'uBkswe ftFb/FD ftZu T[j g{optkd ~ fJe @@oki;h d;skt/}## efjzdk j?. fJj e/tb @@fJZe tesh sZstkd## (f;Beo"fBe n?;?IFfb}w) jh BjhI ;r'I @@T[go-doFh B}o## iK @@g?Bn"gfNe th:B## th j?. (1978L240) ;Z:d B/
 g{optkd pko/ fJj XkoBktK ;gZFN s"o s/ c{e', c?BB, rqkwFh ns/ ;"f;T[o dh ;jkfJsk Bkb f;oihnK jB. Gkt/I j?Boh b?\/pto dh nzro/}h nB[tkd okjhI g[;se d gq'veFB n"\ ;g/; 1991 ftZu Sgh ns/ w{b \o?Iu ftZu 1974 ftZu, Uohn?INfb}w d/ fby/ ikD s'I fJZe ;kb gfjbK, go d'BK g[;seK dhnK w{b XkoBktK ekch fwbdhnK-
-i[bdhnK jB. b?\/pto fJj ft;Eko Bkb ;Ekfgs eodk j? fe Feshto Fk;e tor nkgDh gqG[sk frnkB ns/ ;z;EktK okjhI ;Ekfgs eod/ jB. frnkB ftZu, noEr"otheoD iK f;rBh\/e/FB okjhI ;g/; oud/ jB (b?c/pto, 1992L10,17) . fJj ;g/; nZr'I b'eK dk wB gqGkfts eodh j?. gqG{sZt ns/ nXhBrh dh g?okvkJhw, nfGnk; ftZu, gZSw tb'I fJt/I jh ;Ekfgs ehsh rJh fi; dk Bshik nZr'I ;kwoki dk ftek; j'fJnk ns/ Bkb jh p;shtkd dk th fi; dk ft;Eko ;Z:d B/ nkgDh g[;se ebuo n?Iv fJzghohnfb}w (1993) ftZu fdZsk j?.

;Z:d dk ftuko j? fe g{optkd dk ;zebg ns/ fJeKrh gfog/y fi; ftZu gqG[sk ns/ nXhBrh dh g?okvkJhw feqnktzs j?, Gkt/I u/szB oki;h o{g ftZu 17thI ;dh ftZu jh nkozG j'J/, go fJ; dk fgS'eV :{BkBh fto;/ sZe iKdk j?. :{foghvh} d/ BkNe p?e/ ftZu d/tsk p?eZ; g{oph j?. T[j nkgD/ ftjko ftZu nskofee j?, Ehfp; dk okik T[; d/ d?thst ~ BjhI wzBdk, p?e; d/ g?o'eko T[; oki/ ~ ;]s ;}k fdzd/ jB. ;Z:d nB[;ko g{op d/ nskofee iK fBop[ZX j'D pko/ gZSw dh XkoBk g[okDh j?. ;skoQthI ;dh ftZu okiBhse-fJfsjk;e ;fEsh nfijh pDh fi; ftZu T[j g[okDk ftuko fJe Feshto gfog/y iK g?okvkJhw pD frnk. fJ; gfog/y ftZu g{oph ;ZfGnkukoK ~ gZSwh
 gqG[sk ;Ekfgs eoB bJh nXhBrh ftZu d/fynk ikD bZfrnk.

g{optkd ~ ;skoQthI ;dh s'I j[D sZe coK;, poskBhnK ns/ nwohek B/ ftef;s ehsk. coK; ftZu j"fszrio dh fj;N'ohnk Uohn?Isfb; 1651 ftZu Sgh ns/ pko E/bwh d jop/b's dh fppfbT[E/e Uohn?Is?b 1697 ftZu. fJj d't/I g[;seK B/ g{optkdh gotuB ~ ;Ekfgs eoB bJh tZvk Gkr gkfJnk. @d jop/b's d/ fJ; e'F ftZu w[jzwd ~ @@gkyzvh# fejk frnk j? ns/ fJ;bkw ~ @@w[jzwdtkd#. fJBQK g[;seK s'I gfjbK dk s/ nkgDh fvtkJhB e"wvh ftZu i' 1315 Jh;th d/ eohp fbyh rJh ;h, w[jzwd ~ Boe dh nZr ftZu ;[ZN u[Zek ;h. fJ;bkwh ftdtkB n?th;?ZBk, n?t/o'; ns/ ;bkfNB ~ th fJ;/ nZr d/ gfjb/ dkfJo/ ftZu EK fdZsh rJh ;h. (;Z:d.1978$1991L 68,69). 1798 ftZu
 g{oh fsnkoh ns/ nfXn?B Bkb B?g'bhnB B/ fw;o T[`s/ jwbk ehsk. B?g'bhnB B/ fw;o d/ nfXn?B bJh fJZe fJz;NhfuT{N th ;Ekfgs ehsk. fJ; tZb'I 1809 ns/ 1828 d"okB 23 fibdK ftZu d?;efogFB d/ b# fJfigs g[;se gqekfFs ehsh rJh. fJB;NhfuT{N d/ ;eZso c'ohno B/ fbfynk j? fe B?g'bhnB dh nkwd nfijh xNBk ;h fi; dk n;o :"og, g{op ns/ ncohek d/ foFfsnK T[`s/ j'Dk ;h. B?g'bhnB dh fJZSk g{op ~ fJZe ;zg{oB ;ZfGnsk dh fw;kb d/Dk ;h (T[jh,85). ;gZFN j?, B?g'bhnB th, ;Z:d
 nB[;ko gZSw dh g{optkdh g?okvkJhw dk nB[;oB jh eo fojk ;h. coK;h;h Bktbeko cb"p/no dh gksok id'I efjzdh j? ;kv/ e'b Gog{o n"oe?;Nok j?, fezB/ ;q's jBHHHHgo e'Jh nzsoht fB:w BjhIHHHgo n;b uh} ! ;hwB fBek; ns/ pkb iDB dh Fesh BjhI ## sK fJj coK; iK :"og dh dFk th j?--EekD ns/ fBoihtB j'D dh dFk.
 T[BQhthI ;dh d/ iowB o[wKfNe doFfBeK ns/ ;kfjZsekoK B/ th i/ g{op ftZu fdbu;gh bJh sK T[j w[V Fesh jk;b eoB bJh ;Z:d, Fb/wb d/ GkFDK ~ @@o/f;N# iK ikshtkdh efjzdk j? fiBQK ftZu @@Bht/I## g{op ~ :"ogh ;fZGnkuko ftZu j}w eoB iK fyZbkoB bJh tofsnk frnk j?, g{op dh ftbZyDsk ~ ;bkj[D bJh BjhI.

poskBhnK B/ 1882 ftZu fw;o ~ nkgDh p;sh pDkfJnk. 1922 ftZu fw;o ~ ;[szso ehsk. poskBhnK tZb'I fJZE/ fBFfus Fk;e b"ov eo"wo B/ nkgDh nkyoh ohg'oN ftZu fw;oh e"wtkd ~ th @@BthB## ns/ @@n?e;"IfNe## nkfynk. nop e"wK ~ @@goszso ikshnK## fejk. coK;h;h ns/ poskBth jkth-nXhB Bkb ;zpzfXs g{optkdh g?okvkJhw 1970 s'I nkozG j'D tkb/ djke/ sZe uZbdh ojh j?. ;Z:d B/ 1974 ftZu nwohek d/ ftd/F ;eZso j?Boh fef;zio dh fbyh g[;se nw?foeB c"oB gkfb;h d/ jtkb/ Bkb dZf;nk j? fe fef;zio th e[Zb d/;K$e"wK ~ fBT{NB d/ ftfrnkBe fJBebkp s'I gqGkfts j'D tkb/ ns/ g{ot-fBT{N'BhnB d/;K$e"wK ftZu tzvdk j? ns/ g{oph d/;K ~ fgSbh gqeko Bkb i'Vdk j?. ;Z:d nB[;ko fJj b"ov eo'wo dh fdqFNh d/ B/V/ j?. fJ; ftu ftFt bJh fJe gqpzX iK n"ovo ftZu ofjD dk i' ;zebg fdZsk frnk j? T[; ftu gqkEfwesk iK gqG[sk :"og dh jh ;Ekfgs ehsh rJh j? (;Z:d, 1991L47). 1972 ftZu gqekfFs j'J/ gZso nw?foeB ioBb n"\ ;kJhfen?Noh ftZu j?obv frZvB B/ nop ;ZfGnkuko ~ @@Fow-;ZfGnkuko nkfynk j? fi; ftu e'Jh @@pkjow[ysk## BjhI (T[jh 48).1964 ftZu, :{Bhtof;Nh n"\ e?bhc'oBhnk, b"; n?Iib; d/ gq'c?;o r[;skt t"B rq{Bp"w tZb'I Sgh g[;se w"voB fJ;bkw ftZu w[;fbw ;ZfGnsk ~ @@p[fBnkdh n;bhns jhD## ns/ @@T[;ko{ B?fsesk## dh nDj'Id tkbh ;ZfGnsk nkfynk frnk j? (T[jh, 297). t"B rq{Bp"w B/ Gkt/I eo'fJpo d/ wkBtFk;soh ns/ ;ZfGnkuko ftFb/FD ~ tofsnk j?, go g{oph ;fZGnkuko pko/ Bshi/ T[jh dwBekoh iK go ~ xNkT[D tkb/ eZY/ jB. 1970 ftZu gqekfFs j'Jh e/Ipfoi fj;Noh n"\ fJ;bkw th g{optkdh gfog/y s'I w[es BjhI. fJ; d/ tZy tZy eKv ftF/F eoe/ fibd 1 ftZu, ;Z:d nB[;ko, fJ;bkw e/tb fJZe @@G{r'fbe T[gkXh## j?, izrK, ;bsBsK, w"sK dk f;bf;bk, fJ; dh nZmthI s'I frnkothI ;dh sZe g[Bo ikrosh ns/
 T[`u gqkgshnK dk feXo/ e'Jh f}eo BjhI (T[jh, 303) fgqz;NB :{Bhtof;Nh d/ Bhno Jh;NoB ;NZvh} ftGkr ftZu ;wki Fk;so ftGkr dk gq'c?;o poBov b/T{fJ;, fi; s'I nwoheB ;oeko th ;bkj b?Idh ;h, 1967 ftZu Sg/ fJe b/y ftZu fBNe-g{op d/ y/so ~ @@tZvh okiBhse Fesh s'I jhD ns/ nfijh pDB dh ;zGktBk s'I fpBK## efj e/ g{op ~ fBwo pDkT[Idk j? (T[jh, 288). fJ; soQK coK;, poskBhnk ns/ nwohek B/ ;skothI ;dh s'I b? e/ j[D sZe g{op dhnK i' gqshfBXsktK pDkJhnK T[BQK ftZu ezw eo fojk gfog/y iK g?okvkJhw fJZe' jh ;h-g{op ~ tZ; ftZu eoB tkbh iK T[; T[`s/ w[ezwb nfXeko gqkgs eoe/ T[gG'rh nBksw pDkT[D tkbh, fi; ~ tZy tZy o{gK, gotuBK ns/ nfGnk;K ftZu tzfvnk ik ;e/.